MICRO CH.25B lyme disease B. burgodrderi, MICRO CH.24 Upper digestive tract: mouth, teeth, salivary glands EXAM5, MICRO CH24 HIV, viral diseases of lower intestinal tract EXAM 5, MICRO CH.24 Viral Inf. Upper Tract EXAM5, MICRO CH.28 EXAM5, MICRO CH.2…

lyme disease

one of the major emerging infectious diseases, the most common vector borne illness in the U.S

Borrelia burgdorferi

causative agent of lyme disease; gram (-) spirochete

Old Lyme, Connecticut

first cluster of cases was observed in 1975

lyme disease

transmitted by ticks;

upper digestive system

mouth, salivary glands, esophagus & stomach

saliva

1.5 qt. produced daily, helps moisten food & provides amylase to start breakdown of starches

amylase

enzyme in saliva that breaksdown starches

parotids

largest of the salivary glands, the glands that mumps virus infects

saliva

protect oral cavity against microbes, rich in secretory IgA & contains antibacterial lysozyme & lactoferrin

IgA

anitbodies provide mucosal immunity

poor/low saliva production

ppl. undergoing radiation therapy for cancer/ taking certain medication are @ risk of severe tooth decay

obligate fermenters

genus streptococcus most common bacteria

porphyromonas species

obligate anaerobes ~ thrive in complex communities bc aerobic species consume avail. oxygen

halitosis

foul smelling end products of anaerobic metabolism (bad breath)

enamel

tooth protected by hard substance

pellicle

proteinaceous material from saliva adheres to enamel, creating a thin film

dental plaque

bacteria attaches to receptors on pellicle, colonizing tooth surface to create biofilm

dental calculus/ tartar

mineral salts deposit in plaque, creating crusty substance

bacterial infection of upper digestive tract

dental cavities, periodontal disease & peptic ulcer & gastritis

dental cavities

build up of biofilm on pellicle causes dental plaque caused by lactic acids eroding tooth enamel

biofilm

thickend by glucans formed by oral streptococci

lactic acids

fructose fermentation by streptococcal species, esp. S. mutans

periodontal disease

gingivitis may lead to periodontitis caused by gram (-) anaerobic bacteria; tissue degrading enzymes causes gum deterioration lead to loss of teeth

gingitivis

gum

periodontitis

gum & bone

lps endotoxin

causes inflammation

periodontitis

causes halitosis & leads to loss of teeth

periodontal disease linked to

cardiovascular/Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis & preterm birth

Peptic Ulcers and Gastritis

caused by Helicobacter pylori, can lead to stomach cancer, toxins cause ulcers & treatable w/ antibiotics

Barry Marshall & Robin Warren

proved bacterial infection caused ulcers, drinking culture of h.pylori later developed gastritis; won nobel prize

gastritis

inflammation of stomach

gastritis

asymptomatic; causes burping, bloating, loss appetite, nausea & vomiting

peptic ulcer

produced localized abdominal pain, tenderness & bleeding(dark red/blk stool)

h.pylori

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori

short, curved Gram(-) microaerophilic bacterium, w/ multi. polar flagella

polar flagella

covered by sheaths

damage to epithelial cells & inflammatory

decreased mucu production, cell damages & long term risk of stomach cancer

stomach cancer

infections persists yrs. often life, 90% stomach cancer infected

Helicobacter pylori survives acidic environment of stomach

secretes urease enzyme & burrows w/n layer of mucus coats of stomach lining to avoid detection

urease

urea breaksdown to carbon dioxide & ammonia

ammonia

alkaline compound, neutralizes stomach acid for h.pylori to survive

lps & flagella

has modifications to prevent being recognized by pattern recognition receptors of innate immune system

vacA

vacuolating cytotoxin

vacuolating cytotoxin

damage mitochondria, inducing apoptosis in epithelial cells & interferes w/ T-cells

CagA

strain associated w/ increased rick of cancer produce

CagA

cytotoxin associated gene A

cytotoxin associated gene A

altering host cell cytoskeleton, interferes w/ host cell signaling & promoting inflammation

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by 5 unrelated viruses

hepatitis a

ACUTE ILLNESS, spread fecal- oral in contaminated food/water, raw shellfish; released into bile & eliminated in feces

hepatitis a virus

Non-enveloped SSRNA virus causes hepatitis A; travels to liver via unknown route

hepatitis b

transimission thru bodily fluids, caused by hepatitis b virus

hepatitis b virus

resistant enveloped DNA virus, bloodstream carries virus to the liver; infectious outside body after a wk

hepatitis c

most commone chronic blood (bloodborne) infection, progresses to chronic stage with risk for cirrhosis and liver cancer

Leading cause of liver transplants in U.S

hepatitis C

Hepatitis B treatment

Interferon and immunoglobulin therapy available, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

hepatitis C treatment

no vaccine, antiviral medications target polymerase, protease and other viral proteins result in high cure rate

hepatitis a treatment

Vaccines and antiserum treatment available

hepatitis a & b

vaccines available

hepatitis c

no vaccine avail. ONLY antiviral meds = HIGH CURE RATER

hepatitis a treatment

no anitviral avail, PEP prevent if give w/n 2 weeks of exposure

passive immunization

provides immediate but short-term protection

vaccination

provides long-term protection in those who develop adequate response to vaccine

Hepatitis B

No curative antiviral treatment

hepatitis c

Enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus

hepatitis a virus

viral infection causes hepatitis

viral infection upper digestive tract

oral herpes simplex virus & mumps

hsv-1

oral herpes, causes coldsores & fever blisters

hsv-2

herpes simplex virus, causes genital herpes

herpes simplex virus

enveloped dna virus

neonatal herpes simplex

causes blisters/ulcers on skin, eyes & mouth

acyclovir

medication that prevents replication of herpes virus; targets viral dna polymerase

nerve cells

hsv est. latency in --

hsv reactivate

due to stress; hormone, sunburn or infection

mumps

acute viral infection affects the parotid salivary glands

enveloped single stranded RNA virus

caustive agent of mumps

mmr/ mmrv vaccine

prevention of mumps

saliva droplets

mumps transmitted via

humans

mumps virus only host

orchitis

swelling of testicles 3-4x size, can lead to infertility

ovarian

cause pelvic pain in women

to mumble/ whisper

mumps means

meningitis

headache/ stiff neck indicate mumps causing

miscarry

pregnant women w/ mumps often

mumps signs & symptoms

inflammation/ swelling of glands, orchitis, ovarian, deafness & spasm of under muscle difficult to chew/ talk

onset of puberty

symptoms more severe past

Sergei Winogradsky

founded field of microbial ecology; global biogeochemical (nutrient) cycles

Winogradsky Column

mimics a natural microbial ecosystem

4 billion years

microorganisms existed

less than 1%

microbes successfully grown in pure culture

Earth BioGenome Project

sequencing microbial genomes allowing for the identification of microbes that we cannot grow in a lab (metagenomics)

Ecology

study of interactions of organisms with one another and the environment

population

Organisms of the same species in a defined area

commmunity

All living things (organisms) in a defined area

ecosystem

All living and non-living things in a defined area

biosphere

All areas on the planet with living things

ecological niche

role an organism plays in the ecosystem

symbiotic relationships

close ecological interaction of organisms; mutualism, commensalism & parasitism

mutualism

both organisms benefit (+,+)

commensalism

One organism benefits, one is unaffected

parasitism

One organism benefits, one is harmed