A&P II Chp. 23 - External Respiration, Internal Respiration, Gas Exchanges, & Transport of O2, CO2

external respiration

diffusion of oxygen from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in pulmonary capillaries and diffusion of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction

pulmonary gas exchange

external respiration is also called _______ _______ _________

deoxygenated, oxygenated

external respiration converts __________ blood coming from the right side of the heart into __________ blood that returns to the left side of the heart

perfusion

movement of blood into your lungs

cardiac output, ventilation

in order to have homeostasis, there should be a balance with your _______ _______ and ___________

Dalton's law

according to ________ _______, each gas in a mixture of gasses exerts its own pressure from an area where the pressure is high to where the pressure is low

partial pressure (Px)

the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture

percentage, total, 159 (mmHg)

partial pressure exerted by a gas = _______ of the gas in the mixture x the _________ pressure of the mixture

solve ex: 21% of nitrogen in the atmosphere

159 (mmHg)

the partial pressure of oxygen P(O2) in the atmosphere

0.3 (mmHg)

the partial pressure of carbon dioxide P(CO2) in the atmosphere

atmosphere

the place with the lowest CO2

105

oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air, where the PO2 is _______ mmHg

40 (mmHg)

the PCO2 in the alveolar air

100 (mmHg)

the P(O2) in the pulmonary VEINS

100 (mmHg)

the PO2 of oxygenated blood

40 (mmHg)

the PCO2 of oxygenated blood

45 (mmHg)

the PCO2 of deoxygenated blood

40 (mmHg)

the PO2 of deoxygenated blood

internal respiration

the exchange of O2 & CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called ______ _______

systemic gas exchange

internal respiration is called _______ ________ _______

ATP

the PO2 of blood pumped into the systemic capillaries is higher than the PO2 in tissue cells because the cells constantly use the oxygen for making _____

40 (mmHg)

the PO2 in systemic tissue cells

45 (mmHg)

the PCO2 in systemic tissue cells

carbon dioxide

since ATP is being constantly made in the systemic tissue cells, _______ _______ is also constantly produced

atmosphere, lungs

pulmonary ventilation is used between _______ & _______

lungs, blood

external respiration/pulmonary gas exchange is used between _______ & _______

blood, cells

internal respiration/systemic gas exchange is used between ________ & ________

residual volume (RV)

quantity of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation, air that prevents lungs from collapsing

1200 mL

average residual volume for males

cells (has 45 mmHg)

the place with the highest CO2

thickness, surface area, concentration

factors that affects the diffusion rate of gases

- ___________ of respiratory membrane

- _________ ________

- __________ of gases

internal respiration

the transport & use of O2 and the generation & transport of CO2 occurs during _________ _______

hemoglobin (Hgbo2/HbO2)

98.5% of oxygen is in ______________ in RBC

1.5

about ______% of inhaled oxygen is dissolved in blood plasmaand diffuse out of tissue capillaries into tissue cells

98.5

about _____% of blood O2 is bound to hemoglobin in RBC

4

the heme portion of hemoglobin contains _____ atoms of iron, each capable of binding to a molecule of O2

oxyhemoglobin (HgbO2 = Hb/reduced hemoglobin + O2/oxygen)

oxygen and hemoglobin bind in an easily reversible action to form ________

7%

percentage of dissolved carbon dioxide in plasma

carbaminohemoglobin

CO2 that's being carried in the hemoglobin

23%

percentage of CO2 that binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin

bicarbonate ion

the greatest percentage of CO2 that's carried in plasma is in the form of __________ ______

The most important buffer in human blood

70%

percentage of bicarbonate ions transported in plasma

cell

turning CO2 to bicarbonate

1st: it starts where the CO2 is being made which is at the tissue _______, where there's high concentration of it

interstitial fluid, systemic capillaries, RBC

turning CO2 to bicarbonate

2nd: since there's a high concentration of CO2 in your cells, it diffuses out to the _________ ______, into the _________ ________, then to the ______

carbonic anhydrase

turning CO2 to bicarbonate

3rd: once the CO2 diffuses into the RBC, it's binded to water by an enzyme called _______ _______

carbonic acid

turning CO2 to bicarbonate

4th: once the CO2 & H2O are binded, it becomes H2CO3/ _________ _______

bicarbonate, H+

turning CO2 to bicarbonate

5th: carbonic acid is unstable and separates into _________ and ________

bicarbonate

turning CO2 to bicarbonate

6a: the _________ (after being separated from carbonic acid) diffuses out of the RBC into the plasma (and becomes a weak base making it a great buffer for the blood)

H+, reduced hemoglobin

turning CO2 to bicarbonate

6b: the _________ (after being separated from carbonic acid) is the strong acid, it binds with a hemoglobin molecule and becomes Hgb++ or ______ _______. This acts as a buffer system for the RBC

RBC

turning bicarbonate back to CO2

1st: it starts off at the lungs/alveoli, the bicarbonate is floating in your plasma, by diffusion it goes back to the ________

hemoglobin, H2CO3

turning bicarbonate back to CO2

2nd: once in the RBC it binds with a ___________ and it becomes carbonic acid/_________ (chem formula)

carbonic anhydrase

turning bicarbonate back to CO2

3rd: once the carbonic acid is formed, it's separated by ________ ________

H2O, CO2

turning bicarbonate back to CO2

4th: carbonic anhydrase separates the carbonic acid into _________ and _________

alveoli, 0.3

turning bicarbonate back to CO2

5th: the CO2 diffuses out of the RBC into the plasma, diffuse into the _______ and exhale it out to the atmosphere, which has the pCO2 of ______ mmHg

ventilation

_______ moves gases in and out of the lungs

gas exchange

the movement of gases into and out of the blood