Bio Final Exam

Animals

Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers.

Collagen

The protein that helps hold animal cells together.

Germ layers

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Ectoderm

Germ layer that forms the skin and nervous system.

Endoderm

Germ layer that forms the digestive tract, lungs, and endocrine glands.

Mesoderm

Germ layer that forms muscles, circulatory system, and internal organs.

Gastrulation

Movement of cells into the embryo to form germ layers.

Organogenesis

Formation of organs from germ layers.

Protostomes

Organisms with spiral, determinate cleavage.

Deuterostomes

Organisms with radial, indeterminate cleavage.

Blastopore in protostomes

Becomes mouth.

Blastopore in deuterostomes

Becomes anus.

Metazoa

All animals.

Eumetazoa

Animals with true tissues.

Bilateria

Animals with bilateral symmetry and 3 germ layers.

Deuterostomia

Clade that includes echinoderms and chordates.

Ecdysozoa

Clade that includes arthropods and nematodes.

Lophotrochozoa

Clade that includes mollusks, annelids, and flatworms.

Porifera

Phylum that includes sponges.

Cnidarians

Radial symmetry animals such as jellyfish, hydra, corals, and anemones.

Gastrovascular cavity

Body cavity possessed by cnidarians.

Ctenophores

Commonly called comb jellies.

Platyhelminthes

Phylum that includes flatworms.

Acoelomates

Organisms like flatworms that lack a coelom.

Annelids

Phylum characterized by segmented bodies.

Arthropods

Phylum with a segmented body, exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.

Chitin

Material that makes up the arthropod exoskeleton.

Chelicerata

Group of arthropods that includes spiders, scorpions, and ticks.

Crustacea

Group of arthropods that includes crabs, shrimp, and lobsters.

Myriapoda

Group of arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes.

Hexapoda

Group of arthropods that encompasses insects.

Coleoptera

Order of insects known as beetles.

Diptera

Order of insects known as flies.

Lepidoptera

Order of insects consisting of butterflies and moths.

Hymenoptera

Order of insects that includes ants, bees, and wasps.

Orthoptera

Order of insects comprising grasshoppers and crickets.

Hemiptera

Order of insects known as true bugs.

Chordate characteristics

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail.

Jawless vertebrates

Group including hagfish and lampreys.

Gnathostomes

Jawed vertebrates.

Adaptation for efficient feeding in vertebrates

Jaws.

Adaptation leading to tetrapod limbs

Lobed fins.

Tetrapods

Organisms defined by having four limbs with digits.

Amniotic egg

A terrestrially adapted egg that prevents desiccation.

Importance of amniotic egg

Allowed reproduction on land.

Mammal characteristics

Hair, mammary glands, endothermy.

Monotremes

Egg-laying mammals.

Marsupials

Mammals with pouches.

Eutherians

Placental mammals.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Negative feedback

Type of feedback that maintains homeostasis.

Ectotherms vs. Endotherms

Ectotherms use external heat; endotherms produce internal heat.

Countercurrent exchange

Opposite flow of fluids to maximize heat/gas exchange efficiency.

Open circulatory system

A system where hemolymph bathes organs directly.

Closed circulatory system

A system where blood stays within vessels.

Exponential growth curve

Shape is J-shaped.

Logistic growth curve

Shape is S-shaped.

Carrying capacity

Maximum population an environment can support.

Type I survivorship

Characterized by low early mortality, typical of humans.

Type II survivorship

Characterized by constant mortality, typical of birds.

Type III survivorship

Characterized by high early mortality, typical of oysters.

Competition interaction

Symbolized as \/ -.

Mutualism interaction

Symbolized as \/ +.

Commensalism interaction

Symbolized as \/ 0.

Predation interaction

Symbolized as \/ -.

Competitive exclusion

The idea that two species cannot occupy the same niche indefinitely.

Habitat vs. Niche

Habitat is where an organism lives; niche is the organism's role.

Cryptic coloration

Also known as camouflage.

Aposematic coloration

Also known as warning coloration.

Batesian mimicry

When a harmless species mimics a harmful species.

Müllerian mimicry

When harmful species resemble one another.

10% rule

Only about 10% of energy transfers to the next trophic level.