Bio Final Exam

Animal Basics

Q: What are animals?
A: Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers.

Q: What protein helps hold animal cells together?
A: Collagen.

Q: What are the three germ layers?
A: Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Q: What does ectoderm form?
A: Skin and nervous system.

Q: What does endoderm form?
A: Digestive tract, lungs, endocrine glands.

Q: What does mesoderm form?
A: Muscles, circulatory system, internal organs.

Q: What is gastrulation?
A: Movement of cells into the embryo to form germ layers.

Q: What is organogenesis?
A: Formation of organs from germ layers.

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

Q: What type of cleavage do protostomes have?
A: Spiral, determinate cleavage.

Q: What type of cleavage do deuterostomes have?
A: Radial, indeterminate cleavage.

Q: In protostomes, the blastopore becomes what?
A: Mouth.

Q: In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes what?
A: Anus.

Animal Clades

Q: What is Metazoa?
A: All animals.

Q: What is Eumetazoa?
A: Animals with true tissues.

Q: What is Bilateria?
A: Animals with bilateral symmetry and 3 germ layers.

Q: What animals belong to Deuterostomia?
A: Echinoderms and chordates.

Q: What animals belong to Ecdysozoa?
A: Arthropods and nematodes.

Q: What animals belong to Lophotrochozoa?
A: Mollusks, annelids, flatworms.

Invertebrates

Porifera

Q: What are Porifera?
A: Sponges.

Q: Do sponges have true tissues?
A: No.

Cnidaria

Q: Examples of cnidarians?
A: Jellyfish, hydra, corals, anemones.

Q: What type of symmetry do cnidarians have?
A: Radial symmetry.

Q: What body cavity do cnidarians possess?
A: Gastrovascular cavity.

Ctenophora

Q: What are ctenophores commonly called?
A: Comb jellies.

Platyhelminthes

Q: What are Platyhelminthes?
A: Flatworms.

Q: Are flatworms coelomates?
A: No, they are acoelomates.

Annelida

Q: Main trait of annelids?
A: Segmented body.

Arthropoda

Q: Main traits of arthropods?
A: Segmented body, exoskeleton, jointed appendages.

Q: What is the arthropod exoskeleton made of?
A: Chitin.

Arthropod Groups

Q: Examples of Chelicerata?
A: Spiders, scorpions, ticks.

Q: Examples of Crustacea?
A: Crabs, shrimp, lobsters.

Q: Examples of Myriapoda?
A: Centipedes and millipedes.

Q: Examples of Hexapoda?
A: Insects.

Insect Orders

Q: Coleoptera?
A: Beetles.

Q: Diptera?
A: Flies.

Q: Lepidoptera?
A: Butterflies and moths.

Q: Hymenoptera?
A: Ants, bees, wasps.

Q: Orthoptera?
A: Grasshoppers and crickets.

Q: Hemiptera?
A: True bugs.

Chordates & Vertebrates

Q: Four chordate characteristics?
A: Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail.

Q: What are jawless vertebrates?
A: Hagfish and lampreys.

Q: What are gnathostomes?
A: Jawed vertebrates.

Q: What adaptation allowed vertebrates to feed more efficiently?
A: Jaws.

Q: What adaptation led to tetrapod limbs?
A: Lobed fins.

Tetrapods & Amniotes

Q: What defines tetrapods?
A: Four limbs with digits.

Q: What is an amniotic egg?
A: A terrestrially adapted egg that prevents desiccation.

Q: Why was the amniotic egg important?
A: Allowed reproduction on land.

Mammals

Q: Mammal characteristics?
A: Hair, mammary glands, endothermy.

Q: What are monotremes?
A: Egg-laying mammals.

Q: What are marsupials?
A: Mammals with pouches.

Q: What are eutherians?
A: Placental mammals.

Physiology

Q: What is homeostasis?
A: Maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Q: What type of feedback maintains homeostasis?
A: Negative feedback.

Q: Difference between ectotherms and endotherms?
A: Ectotherms use external heat; endotherms produce internal heat.

Q: What is countercurrent exchange?
A: Opposite flow of fluids to maximize heat/gas exchange efficiency.

Q: Open circulatory system?
A: Hemolymph bathes organs directly.

Q: Closed circulatory system?
A: Blood stays within vessels.

Ecology

Population Ecology

Q: Exponential growth curve shape?
A: J-shaped.

Q: Logistic growth curve shape?
A: S-shaped.

Q: What is carrying capacity?
A: Maximum population an environment can support.

Survivorship Curves

Q: Type I survivorship?
A: Low early mortality (humans).

Q: Type II survivorship?
A: Constant mortality (birds).

Q: Type III survivorship?
A: High early mortality (oysters).

Community Ecology

Q: Competition interaction symbol?
A: - / -

Q: Mutualism interaction symbol?
A: + / +

Q: Commensalism interaction symbol?
A: + / 0

Q: Predation interaction symbol?
A: + / -

Q: What is competitive exclusion?
A: Two species cannot occupy the same niche indefinitely.

Q: Difference between habitat and niche?
A: Habitat = where organism lives; niche = organism’s role.

Defense Mechanisms

Q: What is cryptic coloration?
A: Camouflage.

Q: What is aposematic coloration?
A: Warning coloration.

Q: What is Batesian mimicry?
A: Harmless species mimics harmful species.

Q: What is Müllerian mimicry?
A: Harmful species resemble one another.

Energy Flow

Q: What is the 10% rule?
A: Only about 10% of energy transfers to the next trophic level.