2 Legalities and NHP

Which US Agency enforces the Endangered Species Act?

US Fisheries and Wildlife

Name some Primates in the Suborder Strepsirrhini and their definiing characteristics

Lemurs, Bush babies, lorises- > Wet noses

Tarsiformes, Catarrhini, Platyrrhini are all in the sub order _____

Haplorrhini

What are the distinguishing traits of the suborder Haplorrhini?

Dry noses; no cleft

True free upper lip

Hemochorial placenta

Simplex uterus

(except tarsiers)

Require dietary vitamin C

Mostly diurnal- All lack tapetum lucidum

Old world monkeys, Apes, and Gibbons are part of the parvorder ______

Catarrhini

What monkey has the largest body of all nonhuman primates?

Apes

Characteristics/traits distinguishing Apes from other Catarrhini monkeys

Sexually dimorphic in weight

More terrestrial then lesser apes

No ischial callosities

Build Nests

Why are apes hard to manage?

Strength

Size

Intelligence/curiosity

Arboreal (more terreestial, but still go in trees)

Group 6- brachiating species (AWA)

What is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in chimps?

Cardiac disease- Mycocardial fibrosis, CHF, Pulmonary Hypertension, Sudden cardiac death

Describe the physical characteristics of the parvorder Catarrhine (nose, tail, reproductive/sex characteristics)

Closely adjacent nostrils open downward

Non-prehensile tail, if present

Menstruation

Sexual Dimorphism (males have sharp teeth)

Do catarrhinie monkeys require Vitamin C and/or Vitamin D?

Require Vitamin C in diet

Can use Vitamin D2 in diet

Name some old world monkeys

Macaques and Baboons

How are old world monkeys sexually dimorphic?

Males have sharp teeth

T/F Old world monkeys do not have Ischial Callosities

False, they do

What is sex skin on Old World Monkeys?

Thickening and/or swelling of certain parts of skin during estrus phase

New World Monkeys are part of the parvorder _______. Name some examples of new world monkeys

Platyrrhini

Capuchi, marmoset, squirrel monkey

Name the characteristics/traits of New World Monkeys

Flattened nose, wide nasal planum

Arboreal- some have prehensile tails (with finger prints!)

No cheek pouches

No ischial callosities

No menstruation

Do New World Monkeys require Vitamin C and/or Vitamin D?

Yes- require Vit D3 and C in diet

Why can squirrel monkeys not be housed with other monkeys?

They carry Herpes saimiri (SaHV1) and Herpes tamerinus (SaHV2) and are clinically unaffected but is fatal to other monkeys, including marmosets and owl monkeys

What monkey commonly has large babies leading to dystocia?

Squirrel monkeys

What monkey is a model for the following diseases:

Coronary heart disease

Bordetella pertussis

Organ transplantation

Repro physiology

HIV vaccine

Hepatitis C

RSV

Baboons

What does the term Anthropozoonoses mean? What are some examples of these between humans and primates?

Diseeases humans can give to animals

Tuberculosis!

Measles

Mumps

Rubella

COVID-19

Influenza

Herpes Simplex

Herpes varicella (Chickenpox)

Common cold

GI Disease

What monkeys are most susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis? What are the clinical signs?

Old world monkeys >> New World monkeys

Clinical signs: coughing, dyspnea, anorexia, depression, weight loss, chronic diarrhea

What is recommended tissue for histopathology of Tuberculosis?

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes are recommended

How is testing for TB done?

Intradermal injection in upper eyelid

Abdomen secondary site

Used to retest questionable eyelid

Allows for palpation and measurement

Graded 1-5

Macaque species all carry what virus that can be fatal for humans?

Herpes B Macacine Herpesvirus 1

Human infection is rare but often fatal if not treated right away

What are routes of transmission of Herpes B?

Bite or scratch from infected macaque

Needlestick from contaminated syringe

Contact w/infected fluids with mucous membranes (eyes, mouth)

Scratch or cut from contaminated cage or sharp surface

Exposure to nervous tissue, esp brain, of infected animal

If exposed to Macaque scratches or cuts from contaminated cage/sharp surface?

clean exposed area w/detergent soap & water thoroughly and/or irrigate w/running water 15-20 mins

What are the clinical signs and lesions of Shigellosis?

Shiga-toxins damage colonic epithelial cells and stimulate fluid secretion and focal hemorrhage

Clinical signs

diarrhea, often bloody w/mucus and mucosal fragments

Dehydration

What is the treatment of Shigellosis

Enrofloxacin (1st choice of antibiotic)

Chloramphenicol, azithromycin

Don't forget the pain meds

Describe the oral form of Shigellosis

Hyperemic gums w/ tartar & gingival recession

What is the clinical signs of Campylobacter infection?

Is it more or less severe than Shigellosis?

Dehydration, watery diarrhea (may be bloody)

Typically less severe then shigellosis

What is the treatment of Campylobacter?

Azithromycin (1st choice of antibiotic)

Teteracycline, Enrofloxacin

Supportive care - fluids, GI protectants

What are the clinical signs and lesion of Fungal Disease of NHPS?

More commonly with immune suppression

Pale rubbery lungs

Pneumocystis

Where in the GI tract is Trichuris/Whipworms found? Clinical signs?

Cecum and large intestine

Clinical signs (usually in immunodeficient and young)

Diarrhea and anorexia

Treatment of Trichuris

Fenbendazole (1st choice)

Pyrantel Pamoate

The common term for Pulmonary Acariasis is ?

Lung mites

How common is Pulmonary Acariasis and the clinical signs?

Highly prevalent (100%) in wild caught macaques

Usually asymptomatic

What is the Simial model of AIDS/SIV?

Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

How is obesity treated in monkeys?

Lifestyle Modification

-Dietary Modification: Caloric restriction, Reduced glycemic index, Reduced glycemic load

-Weight loss

-Exercise

Medication

-Insulin:

Long duration - glargine

Intermediate - NPH

Short - Regular

Rapid - glulisine, aspart, lispro

Mixtures

Non-insulin

-Metformin

-Sulfonylureas

What are symptoms of Reactive Arthritis?

Lameness and swelling in one or more joints

Stifle, elbows, and interphalangeal joints most commonly affected

May progress to muscle atrophy and joint contracture

What is reactive arthritis and what is it most commonly associated with?

Immune reaction to enteric or urogenital infections.

Most commonly associated with Shigellosis in NHPs

When culturing joint aspiration, what comes up?

Negative from joint aspirate

What is the treatment of reactive arthritis?

Symptomatic Therapy

NSAIDs - high dose

Intraarticular glucocorticoids

Systemic glucocorticoids

Nonbiotic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: Sulfasalazine, methotrexate

Opioids as needed for pain

Antimicrobials

If concomitant infection is present

What is the prognosis of reactive arthritis?

Poor if unresponsive to glucocorticoids

May require many months of treatment for full recovery

Potential for relapse following cessation of treatment

What is ulcerative colitis and what is the significant rule out?

Bands of ulceration becoming fibrosed and become strictures.

Significant rule out is adenocarcinoma

What is systemic amyloidosis associated with?

In what organs is this most commonly found in?

Associated with chronic inflammation: other predisposing conditions is chronic vascular catheterization, chronic osteoarthritis, and recurrent traumatic injury

SI, liver, kidney and spleen but can be anywhere

What is the most common malignant neoplasm of aged rhesus?

Where is it most commonly found?

Gi adenocarcinoma

Cecum and proximal colon

What are the clinical signs of GI adenocarcinoma?

Clinical signs: weight loss, anemia, positive fecal occult blood

May also have: anorexia, scant feces, palpable mass

What is the treatment and likelihood of recurrence of GI adenocarcinoma?

Treatment: earlier is better - TAKE IT OUT

Recurrence common

Commonly ~1 year - 18 mos, not necessarily correlated w/metastasis to nodes at time of removal

Monitor CBC/FOB, palpate and use US

Endometriosis is a disease of what primates? Where does it occur?

Disease of menstruating Old World primates

Implantation of ectopic endometrial tissue can occur essentially anywhere

What are the clinical signs and lesions of Endometriosis?

Clinical signs: heavy menses, symptoms of pain, infertility, and mass, weight loss

Palpation: large, irregular shaped uterus, adhesions

Appears as firm white foci to soft reddish brown cystic masses

Classic appearance is "chocolate cyst"

What is the treatment of Endometriosis?

Ovariectomy

Remove reproductive tract/active cysts

Inactivate cycle (e.g. Depo-Provera/ DPA).

Pregnancy effective for mild/mod cases

How does Ketamine impact respiratory and cardiac function? When is it used?

Minimal impact on respiratory function and blood pressure

Use for short procedures or anesthetic induction

Tiletamine/Zolazepam (Telazol) is what type of anesthetic?

How fast is the onset and how do NHP recover?

How does it impact the cardiovascular system?

Dissociative anesthetic

Rapid onset, smooth recovery

Depressed myocardial contractility, watch for dropping O2 saturation

What is the sedation of choice for chimpanzees?

Telazol

Is fasting done before anesthesia?

Macaques ~12 hr

New world primartes shorter (2-6hr) or none at all

In what recumbency is intubation preformed in? What vein can be used in small NHPs?

Dorsal recumbency

Lateral tail vein can be used in small NHPs

How do we recover from anesthesia NHP and what concerns do we have?

May want to place heat device outside of cage during recovery

Keep NPO until sitting up in cage and alert

Hypoglycemia & hypothermia in NWPs

They do not recover like cats and dog they are wild animals

Who regulates animal exhibitors?

Must be licensed as exhibitors with APHIS

What does CITES stand for and who carries out provisions?

CITES= Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora International agreement between governments that identifies wild animals and plants

In the USA, USFW carries out provisions of CITES

All primates are Appendix ___ unless they are appendix ____

All primates are Appendix 2 unless they are appendix 1

Define appendix 1 species

Species threaten with extinction

Trade in specimens permitted only in exceptional circumstances

Define appendix 2 species

Species of which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival

Define appendix 3 species

Species that are protected in at least one country which asked CITES for assistance in controlling trade