Hcy-induced Apoptosis

kinase that homodimerizes in a disulfide bridge to become active in initiating steps that lead to apoptosis

Ask1

BH3-only protein that sequesters mitochondrial outer membrane protein Bcl2 when phosphorylated by JNK

Bim

substrate monomer that provides a negative charge to guide various caspases where to cleave

aspartate

in addition to decoupled eNOS, homocysteine increases ROS levels by increasing the levels of which enzyme?

NOX4

kinase action at S1177 activates ____ in various endothelial cells during vasodilation

eNOS

cuts genomic DNA into nucleosomal fragments

CAD

dye used to monitor the number of apoptotic cells in response to an apoptotic stimulus

Propidium iodide

catalytic monomer in caspases

Cysteine

protein with a dual role in reducing disulfide bridges of many cytoplasmic proteins and preventing apoptosis

thioredoxin

cytoplasmic partner of cytochrome c that forms bulk of the apoptosome

Apaf1

cell-permeable dye that lights up with the cytoplasm when oxidized by ROS

DCFH

released into the cytoplasm in response to Bax-ringed outer membrane permeability pore formation

cytochrome C

an enzyme that uses two reduced cysteines to reduce hydrogen peroxide

peroxiredoxin

activated to do cross-cleavage by the apoptosome

Procaspase-9

predominant lipid in the inner leaflet of the cell membrane

phosphatidylserine

anti-apoptotic protein that forms a heterodimer with Bax

Bcl-2

target of caspase-9

Procaspase-3

acts to remove ICAD and activate the dimerization and function of Xkr8

Caspase-3

The compound ___ directly decouples eNOS to cause production of superoxide

ADMA

predominant lipid in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane

phosphatidylcholine

deprotonates the catalytic monomer in caspase active sites to allow a thioester intermediate to form

Histidine

scramblase that everts phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of membranes

Xkr8

converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

signals phagocytosis on apoptotic cells

phosphatidylserine

blood group antigen disulfide bridged to Xkr family members that helps maintain RBC membrane integrity

Kell

BH3-only protein that sequesters mitochondrial outer membrane protein Bcl2 after cleavage by granzyme B

t-Bid

proapoptotic protein that is increased in expression by p53 and inhibited by dimerization with Bcl2

Bax