POLI SCI Exam 3 flashcards

Imperialism

Foreign control over territory, people, resources, and institutions beyond a state's borders

Classical imperialism

Expansion into nearby territories with direct rule (e.g., Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire)

Modern/Western imperialism

Overseas expansion using direct or indirect rule for economic and national gain

Direct rule

Imperial control through military, settlers, and centralized bureaucracy

Indirect rule

Control through local elites, puppet governments, or existing institutions

Scramble for Africa

1880s European colonization of Africa formalized at the Berlin Conference (1884)

Economic motives of imperialism

Raw materials, markets, cheap labor, and extractive economies

Gold, God, and Glory

Economic gain, religious spread, and national prestige as imperial motivations

Social Darwinism

Belief that stronger nations/races are superior and destined to dominate others

Extractive economy

Colonial system designed to remove raw materials for imperial powers

Divide and rule

A strategy of creating conflict between groups to maintain control

Artificial borders

Colonial borders drawn without regard to ethnic or cultural groups

Neocolonialism

Continued economic dependence of former colonies after independence

Resource curse

Natural resource wealth leading to corruption, instability, and poor development

GDP per capita

Total economic output divided by population (measure of wealth)

HDI

Human Development Index measuring health, education, and income

Post-industrial economy

Economy based mainly on services instead of manufacturing

Primary sector

Agriculture and raw materials production

Secondary sector

Manufacturing and industry

Tertiary sector

Service industries (finance, education, healthcare, etc.)

Cold War

Bipolar global system dominated by USA and USSR rivalry

Western Bloc

Capitalist democracies led by the United States

Eastern Bloc

Socialist states led by the Soviet Union

Third World

Non-aligned developing countries, often former colonies

Weak state

A state with low capacity (ability to govern) and low autonomy (independence)

Marxism-Leninism

Lenin's adaptation of Marxism emphasizing revolutionary leadership

Vanguard party

Elite revolutionary group leading the working class

Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

Revolution led by Lenin that overthrew Russia's government

Proletariat

Working class in Marxist theory

Bourgeoisie

Capitalist class that owns production

Democratic centralism

One-party system with centralized decision-making

Planned economy

Economy controlled by the state with production quotas

Nomenklatura

Communist elite controlling government and key institutions

Labor aristocracy

Workers seen as co-opted by capitalism and less revolutionary

Shock therapy

Rapid privatization after communism leading to inequality and instability

Developed democracy

Wealthy capitalist state with liberal democracy and welfare systems

Welfare state

Government programs providing social services to reduce inequality

Redistribution

Using taxes and welfare programs to reduce inequality

Bismarck welfare system

Early German welfare programs including insurance and pensions

New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt's expansion of U.S. welfare programs

Targeted welfare

Benefits given based on income or need

Universal welfare

Benefits available to all citizens regardless of income

Post-industrialism

Shift from manufacturing to service-based economies

Income inequality

Growing gap between rich and poor in society

Demographic transition

Aging population and declining birth rates in developed countries

Populism

Political response to inequality and distrust in institutions

Neoliberalism

Policies favoring reduced state welfare and increased market freedom