M125 Razorenova PollEV Questions

What life changes will NOT positively affect cancer survivorship?

A. Skills to control stress

B. Homeopathy

C. Ending depression

D. Reducing pro-inflammatory food intake

E. Eating fiber for healthy microbiome

F. Support groups, friendship

G. Eating Mediterranean diet

H. Regular Exercise

I. Reducing environmental chemical exposure

B

True or false: antibiotics are bad for microbiome and should be avoided?

A. True

B. False

C. True but with exceptions

C

Find one wrong answer or state that all answers are correct:

A. Prolonged stress can suppress immune system, making it less effective at fighting off cancers cells

B. Stress can cause an increase in certain hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, which may promote tumor growth and metastasis

C. Stress can trigger inflammation, which can create a favorable environment for cancer cells to thrive

D. People under chronic stress may engage in unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise, which increase their risk of cancer

E. Stress can interfere with the effectiveness and side-effects of cancer treatments, suhc as chemotherapy and radiation therapy

F. All are correct

F

True or false: Cancer become "fast growing" when the rate of proliferation surpasses the rate of apoptosis

A. True

B. False

B

What experiments can we perform to determine if cells are senescent? Find one false answer.

A. Immunohistochemistry: stain cells for proliferation markers Ki67, p16, and p21

B. Conduct assay at pH 10 to assess activity of acidic β-galactosidase (e.g. use X-gal as a substrate)

C. Stain DNA (e.g. with DAPI or Hoechst) to assess chromatin structure

D. Stain cell's actin fibers

B

Breakage Fusion Bridge cycles may lead to...

A. Cancer cell death

B. Cancer evolution

C. Crisis

D. A & C

E. A, B, C

E

True or false: telomerase reactivation is absolutely necessary for cancer development

A. True

B. False

B

True of False: MMR precisely fixes errors (mismatched nucleotides) in S phase, but has a 50% chance of making an error in non-dividing cells

A. True

B. False

A

People susceptible to alcohol-induced carcinogenesis have:

A. ADH enzyme slow, ALDH enzyme slow

B. ADH enzyme slow, ALDH enzyme fast

C. ADH enzyme fast, ALDH enzyme slow

D. ADH enzyme fast, ALDH enzyme fast

C

Cell fusion of XPB- and XPG- cells creates cells resistant to UV because:

A. Cells are diploid and XPB- cells have one allele mutant and one WT (similar XPG- cells have one allele mutant and one WT)

B. XPB is wild-type in XPG- cells and XPG is wild-type is XPB- cells

C. XPB and XPG form a complex

D. This cell fusion remains sensitive to UV since XPB and XPG are mutated in the fusion

B

True or false: genome of stem cells is protected from mutagenesis due to their infrequent cell divisions.

A. True

B. False

A

True of false: Human cancer cell line-based tumors look nothing like patient-derived tumor tissue

A. True

B. False

A

What protein can we "stain" in red to detect basement membrane?

A. Integrin

B. Laminin

C. Type IV Collagen

D. B & C

E. A, B, C

D

True or false: Cell types in the TME always support tumor growth

A. True

B. False

B

Find one wrong answer. CAF support Hallmarks of Cancer in the following ways:

A. Secrete mitogenic growth factors

B. Induce proliferative quiescence

C. Secrete pro-survival factors

D. Secrete pro-angiogenic factors

E. Secrete proteolytic enzymes cleaving ECM to release pro-angiogenic factors

F. Promote EMT helping metastasis

G. Secrete factors blocking anti-tumor CTLs and NK/T-cells

H. Secrete lactate, pyruvate, fatty acids to provide cancer cells with metabolism substrates

I. Express proinflammatory mediators, recruit IIC

B

Find the wrong answer: Tumor vasculature has...

A. Tight contacts between pericytes and endothelial cells

B. Large capillaries

C. Chaotic layout of cappilaries

D. Leakage

E. C & D

A

True of false: CAFs are secreting soluble signaling molecules to attract EPCs

A. True

B. False

A

What is the clinical outcome worse if tumors have multiple blood vessels?

A. Tumors are difficult to be removed due to excessive bleeding

B. Tumors can grow bigger using the nutrients and oxygen delivered

C. Tumors metastasize through vasculature

D. Fibrin bundles and blood clots can lead to stroke

E. B & C

F. All of the above

E

Which animal model of cancer is more representative of human cancer patients treated with VEGFi and PDGFi?

A. Prevention: drug administration immediately follows tumor implantation in mice

B. Regression: tumor cells are implanted to mice, tumors are formed, and then drugs are administered

C. Both prevention and regression models are representative

D. Depends on the tumor type

B

The pH of extracellular fluid (pHe) in healthy tissues is between 7.35 and 7.45. What is the pH in cancer tissues?

A. Between 7.45 and 7.75

B. Between 6.3 and 7.0

C. Between 5.25 and 6.0

D. Between 3.75 and 7.35

B

Find the wrong answer: How can we detect/visualize tumor hypoxia?

A. By direct measurements using Eppendorf oxygen electrode

B. By staining using pimonidazole undergoing reduction under hypoxic conditions and forming adducts with macromolecules

C. By staining collagen IV accumulating in the interstitium

D. By staining proteins accumulated in response to hypoxia: Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and its target genes, e.g. CAIX

E. By measuring tumor pH, lactate, ATP, gulcose

F. By staining blood vessels with anti-CD31) and looking at the distances of cancer cells from the blood vessels

C

True of false: during wound healing hypoxia arises and leads to HIF stabilization, VEGF accumulation, and angiogenesis

A. True

B. False

A

True of False: EMT is a crucial process during wounds healing

A. True

B. False

A

What fact definitively proves that miR-15 an miR-16 are tumor suppressor miRNAs?

A. Deletion of 13q14 in CLL is the most frequent abnormality and both miR-15 and miR-16 are located there

B. Expression of both miR-15 and miR-16 is frequently down-regulated in multiple types of cancer

C. Genetically engineered mice with homozygous deletions of miR-15 and miR-16 develop cancer with elevated frequency

D. Over-expression of miR-15 and miR-16 in cancer cells lacking their expression leads to tumor suppression when these cancer cells are implanted to mice (smaller tumors)

E. People whose cancer has low expression of miR-15 and miR-16 survive worse than people whose cancer has high expression of miR-15 and miR-16

F. C & D

F

True of false: any transcription factor overexpression/overactiviation will lead to changes in expression of multiple protein mediated by ceRNA mechanism (in addition to classic transcription-translation mechanism)

A. True

B. False

A

What is the effect of PI3K inhibitors on growth of tumors with mutant PTEN?

A. Promote tumor growth

B. Inhibit tumor growth

C. Do not affect tumor growth since PTEN is already mutated

D. Depends on Akt phosphorylation

B

True or False: miRNAs shared between PTEN and PTENP1 can act as tumor suppressor if overexpressed

A. True

B. False

B

True or false: Cytokeratin staining can be used to detect any type of cancer in the mesenchymal compartment of bone marrow

A. True

B. False

B

CTCs arrest in micro vessels of different organs because...

A. They travel as a cluster of CTCs, which is larger in diameter than the diameter of some capillaries

B. The diameter of some tumor cells is larger than the diameter of some capillaries

C. They express multiple integrins on the cell surface (cell adhesion molecules), which make them "sticky" to endothelial cells of the capillaries

D. A & B & C

D

Dissemination is...

A. The ability of cancer cells to extravasate and remain viable in the distant organ

B. The ability of cancer cells to intravasate and become CTCs

C. The ability of cancer cells to extravasate and form micrometastases in the distant organ

D. The ability of cancer cells to extravasate and form macrometastases in the distant organ

E. A & C

E

True or false: every type of cancer has a preference for their site/s of metastasis

A. True

B. False

A

The EMT in this tumor is...

A. Complete

B. Partial

C. Not present

D. A & B

E. B & C

E

What do survival curves tell us about Twist?

A. Level of Twist expression varies between patients with melanoma tumors

B. Twist might induce tumor growth and/or metastasis

C. Twist is an oncogene

D. Patients with high Twist expression in their tumors survive

E. A & B

F. A & B & C

G. All of the above

E

How do we expect the cancer cell overexpressing MT-MMP1 to look like?

A. (round)

B. (spiky)

B

How would the survival curves look like for a Rho GAP?

A. red high GAP, green low GAP

B. red low GAP, green high GAP

B