Aerobic Exercise Physiology

Maximal oxygen uptake, also known as VO₂ max, aerobic capacity, or peak O₂ capacity refers to someone’s _____.

Maximum oxygen consumption during exercise

As exercise intensity increases, oxygen uses _____ until a _____ is reached. This is considered the person’s _____.

Increases; plateau; VO₂ max

A person’s VO₂ max is determined by their _____, _____, _____, and _____. VO₂ max tends to be greater for _____ and _____ people.

Age; sex; size; athletic training; males; younger

VO₂ max ranges from _____ (in extremely sedentary people) to _____ (in extremely active people).

12 ml O₂/kg; 84 ml O₂/kg

Aside from VO₂ max, _____/_____ threshold is another method used to determine exercise intensity.

Lactate/anaerobic

Lactate threshold refers to the _____ attained before _____, which marks a shift to increased _____, when exercise becomes more difficult to sustain.

Maximum rate of oxygen consumption; blood lactate levels rise; anaerobic metabolism

The lactate/anaerobic threshold occurs at about _____ to _____ of a person’s VO₂ max. This is due to _____ limitations of the _____, not the _____.

50% to 70%; aerobic; muscles; cardiovascular system

The lactate/anaerobic threshold occurs at a _____ intensity for trained individuals because _____ exercise increases the amount of _____ and _____ present in the muscles.

Higher; endurance; mitochondria; Krebs cycle enzymes

Energy at rest and for mild exercise is primarily obtained from the _____ respiration of _____.

Aerobic; fatty acids

Energy for moderate exercise is primarily obtained from _____ stores, _____ glucose, and muscle _____/plasma _____.

Glycogen; plasma; triglycerides; fatty acids

Energy for heavy exercise is primarily obtained from muscle _____.

Glycogen

As exercise intensity and duration increase, _____ are inserted into the sarcolemma of muscle cells to allow more _____ into cells.

GLUT4; glucose

Oxygen debt refers to _____.

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

When a person exercises, oxygen is withdrawn from reserves in _____ and _____ to supply tissues warmed by exercise, as well as to metabolize the _____ produced during _____ metabolism.

Hemoglobin; myoglobin; lactate; anaerobic

Our _____ rate continues to be elevated after exercise to repay our _____ and to restore muscle levels of _____ and _____ back to their original state.

Breathing; oxygen debt; creatine phosphate; glycogen

Maximal oxygen uptake is determined by pulmonary _____, pulmonary _____, _____ output, muscle _____, and _____ use in the muscle fiber.

Ventilation; diffusion; cardiac; blood flow; oxygen

Pulmonary ventilation refers to our _____.

Breathing

Minute ventilation represents the _____ of air moved in and out of the respiratory system in one minute. Minute ventilation is equal to _____ and is typically around _____ for the average person.

Volume; tidal volume x breathing rate; 6 L/min

Tidal volume refers to the amount of air expired or inspired in each _____ of _____.

Breath; quiet breathing

During exercise, pulmonary ventilation increases to match our demand for _____ and production of _____. This results in an increase in _____ (or _____ breaths), an increase in breathing _____, and therefore an increase in ventilation.

Oxygen; carbon dioxide; tidal volume; deeper; rate

In today’s lab, airflow amplitude refers to _____ and BPM refers to _____.

Tidal volume; breaths per minute

Cardiovascular responses to exercise include increased _____, increased _____, increased _____ and _____ blood flow, and decreased _____, _____, and _____ blood flow.

Cardiac output; mean arterial pressure; skeletal muscle; coronary artery; kidney; skin; abdominal viscera

Sympathetic stimulation increases heart _____ and _____ via _____ acting on _____ receptors.

Rate; contractility; norepinephrine; B₁

Parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart _____ and _____ via _____ acting on _____ receptors.

Rate; contractility; acetylcholine; M

During sympathetic vasoconstriction, _____ binds to _____ receptors on the _____ of the _____ serving the _____ (at least initially), _____, and _____.

Norepinephrine; a₁; smooth muscle; arterioles; skin; digestive tract; kidneys

During hormonal vasodilation, _____ from the _____ binds to _____ on the _____ of the _____ serving the _____, _____, and _____.

Epinephrine; adrenal medulla; B₂; smooth muscle; arterioles; heart; liver; skeletal muscle

In addition to hormones, _____ metabolic factors enhance vasodilation, including decreased _____, decreased _____, and increased _____. These can be considered _____ signals.

Local; oxygen; pH; carbon dioxide; paracrine

Active hyperemia is a type of _____ metabolic factor that refers to increased _____ during the increased metabolism of a particular organ.

Local; blood flow

Blood pressure during exercise (_____) is influenced by _____ and _____.

MAP; CO; TPR

Although CO tends to _____ and TPR tends to _____ during exercise (due to _____), MAP overall _____.

Increase; decrease; vasodilation; increases

Exercise increases metabolism, which also increases _____ production.

Heat

During early exercise, blood vessels supplying the skin exhibit _____. During continued exercise, blood vessels supplying the skin exhibit _____, which results in _____ transfer to the skin.

Vasoconstriction; vasodilation; heat

Our primary mechanism for heat loss is _____, in which _____ removes the heat.

Sweating; evaporation

At the beginning of this experiment, we calculated _____ of the subject’s _____, which is equal to _____.

80%; maximum heart rate; 0.8 (220 - age)

During exercise, we should observe an _____ in breathing rate, an _____ in airflow amplitude (_____ breaths), an _____ in heart rate, and a _____ in skin temperature initially, then an _____ during recovery. During recovery, there is a _____ return to baseline due to _____.

Increase; increase; deeper; increase; decrease; increase; gradual; oxygen debt