Anatomy GI part 2

Peritoneum

Serous membrane covering abdominal organs.

Parietal Peritoneum

Outer layer of the peritoneum.

Visceral Peritoneum

Inner layer in contact with organs.

Somatic Innervation

Specific pain sensation from parietal peritoneum.

Visceral Innervation

Unspecific pain sensation from visceral peritoneum.

Peritoneal Cavity

Potential space between peritoneum layers.

Ascites

Fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity.

Lesser Sac

Space behind stomach and liver.

Greater Sac

Main peritoneal cavity section.

Epiploic Foramen

Connection between lesser and greater sacs.

Hepatoduodenal Ligament

Anterior boundary of the lesser sac.

Portal Triad

Contains hepatic artery, bile duct, portal vein.

Supracolic Compartment

Above the transverse colon.

Infracolic Compartment

Below the transverse colon.

Rectovesical Pouch

Space between rectum and bladder in males.

Rectouterine Pouch

Space between rectum and uterus in females.

Vesicouterine Pouch

Space between bladder and uterus in females.

Retroperitoneal Structures

Organs located behind the peritoneum.

Pancreatic Acini

Exocrine cells producing pancreatic juice.

Pancreatic Islets

Endocrine cells secreting insulin and glucagon.

Pancreatic Juice

Digestive fluid secreted into the duodenum.

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Hormone stimulating gallbladder and pancreatic secretion.

Secretin

Hormone stimulating bicarbonate secretion from pancreas.

Ampulla of Vater

Site where pancreatic secretions enter duodenum.

Somatostatin

Hormone inhibiting gastric and pancreatic secretions.

Pancreatic peptide

Inhibits pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion.

VIP

Stimulates secretion of water and electrolytes.

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Neutralizes stomach acid in duodenum.

Pancreatic alpha-amylase

Enzyme breaking down starches into sugars.

Pancreatic lipase

Enzyme digesting complex lipids into fatty acids.

Nucleases

Enzymes that break down nucleic acids.

Proteolytic enzymes

Break proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.

Trypsinogen

Inactive form of trypsin, activated in duodenum.

Liver

Largest visceral organ, performs metabolic functions.

Liver lobules

Basic functional units of the liver, hexagonal.

Hepatocytes

Liver cells producing bile and proteins.

Kupffer cells

Macrophages in liver, involved in immune response.

Falciform ligament

Divides right and left lobes of liver.

Serum proteins

Proteins in blood, including albumin.

Chylomicrons

Fat transport particles absorbed from intestines.

Liver sinusoids

Capillaries between hepatocyte plates for blood flow.

Bile pigments

Waste products from breakdown of hemoglobin.

Metabolism

Chemical processes for maintaining life functions.

Fibrous capsule

Protective layer surrounding the liver.

Monocytes

A type of white blood cell, agranulocyte.

Macrophages

Monocytes that differentiate in tissues.

Microglial cells

Macrophages found in the central nervous system.

Histiocytes

Macrophages present in connective tissue.

Osteoclasts

Macrophages involved in bone resorption.

Portal Area

Contains hepatic portal vein, artery, bile duct.

Hepatic Blood Supply

Liver receives blood from both arteries and veins.

Hepatic artery proper

Supplies 1/3 of liver's arterial blood.

Hepatic portal vein

Supplies 2/3 of liver's venous blood.

Zone I

Periportal zone, first to receive blood.

Zone II

Intermediate zone between periportal and pericentral.

Zone III

Pericentral zone, farthest from hepatic artery.

P450 oxidase system

Enzyme system for chemical modification in liver.

Bile canaliculi

Narrow channels for bile secretion in liver.

Common hepatic duct

Collects bile from all liver lobes.

Common bile duct

Formed by cystic and common hepatic ducts.

Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile from liver.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone triggering gallbladder contraction and bile release.

Bile secretion rate

Liver secretes about 1 liter of bile daily.

Emulsification

Process of breaking lipid droplets by bile salts.

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

Regulates bile flow into the duodenum.

Vagal nerve stimulation

Triggers gallbladder contraction post-meal.

Cholelithiasis

Condition of gallstones in the gallbladder.

Gallstones

Solid particles formed from bile components.

Excess cholesterol

Primary cause of gallstone formation.

Bilirubin

Waste product from hemoglobin breakdown.

Pancreatic cancer

Tumors compressing the common bile duct.

Painless jaundice

Symptom of obstructed bile flow.

Liver functions

Includes protein synthesis and toxin metabolism.

Coagulation factors

Proteins essential for blood clotting.

Complement proteins

Part of the immune response.

Albumin

Maintains serum osmolality and oncotic pressure.

Apolipoproteins

Proteins aiding lipid transport in blood.

C-Reactive Protein

Marker for acute inflammation.

Angiotensinogen

Precursor in the renin-angiotensin system.

Transferrin

Protein that transports iron in blood.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Involved in drug metabolism in liver.

UDP-glucuronyl transferase

Conjugates bilirubin for excretion.

Bile

Substance that emulsifies fats for digestion.

Urobilins

Products of bilirubin metabolism excreted in urine.

Stercobilins

Bilirubin derivatives giving feces their color.

Physiological jaundice

Temporary condition in newborns due to bilirubin.

Phototherapy

Treatment to convert bilirubin for easier excretion.

Cystic Duct

Connects gallbladder to common hepatic duct.

Gallbladder Capacity

Stores 40-70 mL of bile.

Gallbladder Physiology

Absorbs water, concentrates bile salts.

Fundus

Upper part of the gallbladder.

Body

Main section of the gallbladder.

Neck

Narrow part of the gallbladder.

Salivary Amylase

Enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion.

Gastrin

Hormone stimulating gastric acid secretion.

Pepsinogen

Inactive form of pepsin released by stomach.

Chyme

Partially digested food in the duodenum.

Pancreatic Enzymes

Digestive enzymes released into the small intestine.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars absorbed into the bloodstream.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport of substances across cell membranes.