Levels of Language

reading, writing, listening, speaking

what are the 4 domains of language?

phonetics

how you preceive sound

morphology

helps you break down and understand the structure of medical terms

free morphemes

stand alone words

bound morphemes

words that cannot be said by itself - must be attached to other morphemes to have meaning

morphemes

smallest units of meaning in a language - building blocks that make up words

syntax

set of rules that governs how words are arranged to form sentences and phrases; determines the correct order and structure

pragmatics

knowing what message is being said as opposed to what is actually being said; person’s statement has one literal meaning and another unspoken deeper meaning

semantics

literal meaning of phrases and sentences

beginner: CEFR Level A1

use simple phrases for basic needs - can have basic interactions provided the other person speaks clearly

pre-intermediate: CEFR Level A2

can use english for everyday tasks and activities - can understand common phrases related to topics such as personal information and employment

intermediate: CEFR Level B1

can have simple conversations about familiar topics - can describe experiences, events and deal with situations when travelling

upper intermediate: CEFR Level B2

can communicate confidently about many topics - can talk with native speakers without difficulty, can understand main ideas within your field of specialization

advanced: CEFR Level C1

can express yourself fluently in almost any situation without need to search for expressions; able to perform complex tasks related to work and study; can produce clear, detailed texts on challenging subjects

mastery: CEFR Level C2

ability to read, speak and write about any type of subject, emotion or opinion; able to differentiate finer shades of meaning from the language even in more complex situations

informal, general, formal

what are the 3 forms of communication?

high-frequency vocabulary

what is general vocabulary also called?

content, design, delivery

an effective presentation must get these 3 components right:

content

decide on two or three main points and make everything logical, simple and clear

design

legibility; don’t put too much text on a slide, text colour should contrast highly with background, images and background shouldn’t detract from content

delivery

engaging audience with eye contact and your overall energy is important; slides are used as support for presentation

outline

blueprint for your final document that maps out what you want to write from start to finish

brainstorm

list all the ideas that you want to include in your paper

organize

group related ideas together

order

arrange material in subsections from general to specific or from abstract to concrete

label

create main and subheadings

summary, precis, abstract/executive summary

what are the 3 main types of short review of main ideas?

summary

represents the scope and emphasis of a relatively large amount of material in an efficient and concise form; many uses

precis

an exact reproduction of the logic, organization and emphasis of the original text; summarizes a book, article, essay, etc.

abstract/executive summary

a stand-alone statement that briefly conveys the essential information of a paper, article, document or book; presents the objective, methods, results and conclusions of a research project

informational, analytical, persuasive

what are the 3 types of reports?

informational

presents information; no recommendations or conclusions; organized by topic

analytical

analyze, explain, solve a problem about issues, events, procedures; end with recommendation

persuasive

similar to analytic report; focus is to convince or promote an idea or product

1. analyze the task 2. plan and organize 3. do your research or reading 4. collect the information 5. write up

what are the steps to a report?

title page, table of contents, abstract, introduction, main body, conclusions, recommendations, references, appendixes

what is the basic report structure?

block format

most common layout of a business letter

modified block format

business letters are less formal; date, sign off and signature lines begin at the centre point of the page line; good for cover letter

cover letter

most often required for high education and research positions; full professional work history and experiences

resume

most commonly required for industry positions; strongest, most relevant qualifications and experiences