Final exam AP

If a person consumes too many antacids for stomach upset, and too many diuretics for high blood pressure. What’s that gonna do thier overall body pH

Alkalosis

What does hemoglobin attach to

Oxygen/ Erythrocytes

Everything about villi

Gas nutrient waste exchange oocurs between what and the tissues

Capillaries

Everything about Micturition

Reflexive urination (urination in infants)

Distension of the bladder activates stretch receptors

Excitations of parasympathetic neurons in the reflex center in the sacral region of the spinal cord

Contraction of the detrusor

Contraction (opening) of the internal sphincter

Inhibition of somatic pathways to external sphincter, allowing its relaxation (opening)

Urination or voiding

Blood types and all the chararcteristic of blood type O

Type O has neither A or B antigens

universal Donor

Recipient’s antibodies won’t agglutinate donor’s Type O RBCs

What is an autorhythmicity heart cell

The heart exhibits autorhythmicity, which means it is capable of initiating its own heartbeat independent of external nerves

How much blood is in the human body

4.5 to 6 liters or 1.2 to 1.6 gallons of blood on average

Where are steroid hormones derived from

Cholesterol

Everything about your left lung

Left lung smaller than the right

Cardian notch: concavity for the heart

Separated into superior and inferior lobes by the oblique fissure

Where are sperm produced specifically

Seminiferous tubules

What are the actual contract between cardiac muscle called

Systole

What is a lymphatic capillary that picks up lippids in the small intestines

Lacteal

What causes your kidney to secrete arithropy EPO

hypoxia low oxygen levels in the blood or tissues

What would you call the master control center of the endocrime system

Hypothalamus

What does the term mastication mean

Chewing

Urine flow

Renal pyramid → minor calyx → major calyx→ renal pelvis → ureter

Order of kidney, urine, bladder, urethra

kidneys → ureters → Bladder → urethra

What are projections on the top surface og your tongue, which have taste buds called

Lingual papillae (foliate papillae)

Thoracic duct, thoracic limb duct last layer, know everywhere the thoracic limp duct collects from

The thoracic duct arises as the cisterna chyli; it drains the rest of the body.

The thoracic duct collects lymph from the left side of the head, left side of the upper body, and lower body, and the right lymphatic duct cellects lymph from the right side of the head and the upper body

what is a hematocrit is and what it means

Percent of blood volume that is RBCs

Measures the amount of space RBCs take up in the blood.

Reported as a percentage

Determined via centrifugation

The pituitary gland is and what they do

Pituitary gland (hypophysis) has two major lobes: Posterior pituitary→ neural tissue. Anterior pituitary: Adenohypophysis glandular tissue

Controls release of regulatory hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

Controls secretion of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland

Where do you find preyer’s patches located

Small intestine

Know leukocytes

White blood cells, platelets

Function in defense against disease

Can leave capillaries via diapedesis

Move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and postive chemotaxis

When you inhale air, you need to know all the thing that are going on there

What is buffy coat

WBCs and platelets in Buffy coat (<1%)

Erythrocyte-plasma junction to help stop bleeding

What is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth cells

Tuncia media

What structures belong both to the respiratory and digestive system

Pharynx (throat)

Which salivary gland produces the most saliva

Submandibular gland

what’s the most common type of capillary

Continous capillaries

What is chemotaxis

Inflammatory cheimcals (chemotactic agent) promote postive chemotaxis of neutrophils

What does calcium have to find to start muscle contracting

Bind to troponin

What are your accessory digestive organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

What are the respiratory portion and what are the conducting portions of your respiratory system

The conducting portion includes the nasal cavity and extends through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles. The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoil

The small intestine has three parts

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

All the structures of the male reproductive tract in order from the testes to the penis

testes

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Urethra

what lymphatic structure has both red pulp and white pulp

Spleen

what is free radials

Functions of leukocytes

Order of the GI tract wall innermost to outermost

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis external, and serosa

What is peristalsis

is the ripple like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract

What is another term for nonspecific immunity

innate immunity

what part of your cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidney stomach, and pelvis

Abdominal aorta

Order of the phases of the ovarian cycle starting at day one through the end of a cycle

Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase

What is the way in which insulin and glucagon work

Negative feedback loop

What occurs in the expulsion stage of labor

From full dilation to delivery of infant

Strong contractions every 2-3 minutes, about 1 minute long

Urge to push increases (in absence of local anethesia)

crowing occurs when largest dimension of head distends vulva

Episiotomy may be done to reduce tearing

What connects your laryx to your primary bronchi

trachea

What is sloped off during menstruation

Endometrium

What is menarche

First menstrual period

Parts of the large intestine, in order, starting from seatbelt

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

All function of kidney

Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water

Regulating ECF ion concentrations

Ensuring long-term acid-base balance

Removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs

What hormones induces ovulation

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Which chambers have oxygenated blood, which ones have deoxygenated blood

Chambers of the heart that contain deooxygenated blood: right Atrium and Right ventricle

Chambers of the heart that contains oxygenated blood: Left atrium and left ventricle

Everything about lymphatic capillaries, what makes them and what they do

Similar to blood capillaries, except very permeable (take up proteins, cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells)

Endothelial cells overlap lossely to form one-way mini-valves

Absent from bones, teeth, bone marrow, and CNS

Where do B-lymphatic capillaries come from

Bone marrow

Where do T-lymphocytes come from

Thymus

Layer of heart

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

Blood flow throught the heart

What cells secreates surfactants

Alveolar type II cells

All of the thing lymph nodes do

Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph

Principal lymphoid organs of the body

Embedded in connective tissue, in clusters along lymphatic vessels

Near the body surface in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body

Filter lymph: macrophages destory microorganisms and debris

Immune system activation: lymphocytes activated and mount attack against antigens

What does half life of a hormone mean

Time required for the blood level to be reuced by half

ranges from mins to hrs

Some hormones may be days

What is agglutination as it occurs to blood transfusion

What is cardiac output

Amount of blood pulped out by each ventricle in 1 minute

What are your 5 main classes of immunoglobins

IgG

IgE

IgD

IgM

IgA

What are the gonads, what they do, what they produce

Gonads: testes and ovaries

Sperm in males and oocytes in females

Sex hormones: Androgens (males) and Estrogens and progesterone (females)

Know about oxygen binding the hemoglobin

what type of cellular responses are mediated by G proteins and 2nd messengers

Which agranulocytes are granulocytes and what ones are fills

Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Conduction system, the heart, how it flows

SA node (right atrium), AV node, AV bundle, left and right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers,

what makes up the respiratory membrane

Alveolar and capillary walls and thier fused basement membrane

What cells produce and what they are producing gastric pits

Lined by simple columnar epithelium, although little absorption occurs in the stomach

The stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called gastric pits

Surface mucous cells, mucous mech cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells,

Cations

Antions

What head items of ANIFs are intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

What cations are found in intracellular fluid and which one is the highest concentration in both

potassium