AP PSYCH ALLLL

Free association

Therapeutic technique for exploring unconscious thoughts.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's method for treating mental disorders.

Unconscious

Part of mind containing repressed thoughts and memories.

Id

Primitive part of personality focused on pleasure.--> runs on pleasure principal, unconscious drives/thoughts

Ego

Rational part of personality mediating between id and reality. Balances between ID and Superego--> balances morals

Superego

Moral component of personality enforcing societal standards.

Psychosexual stages

Freud's stages of childhood development influencing personality.

Oedipus complex

Child's feelings of desire for opposite-sex parent.

Repression

Defense mechanism preventing unwanted thoughts from awareness.

Projective test

Psychoanalytical images to reveal unconscious desires and thoughts--> done thru interpetation

Thematic Apperception test

Projective test assessing personality through storytelling.

Rorschach inkblot test

Projective test using inkblots to analyze personality.

False consensus effect

Tendency to overestimate others' agreement with oneself.

Self-actualization

Realization of one's potential and personal growth.

Unconditional positive regard

Acceptance and support regardless of circumstances or actions.

Self-concept

Individual's perception of their own identity and worth.

Social-cognitive perspective

View emphasizing interaction of behavior, environment, and cognition.

Behavioral approach

Focus on observable behaviors and their environmental influences.

Reciprocal determinism

Theory that behavior is influenced by personal and environmental factors.

Spotlight effect

Belief that others notice our behavior more than they do.

Self-esteem

Individual's overall subjective evaluation of their worth.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations.

Self-serving bias

Tendency to attribute successes to oneself and failures to others.

Narcissism

Excessive self-love and self-centeredness.

Individualism

Emphasis on personal goals and independence.

Collectivism

Focus on group goals and interdependence.

Alfred Adler

Psychologist known for individual psychology and inferiority complex.

Karen Horney

Psychoanalyst emphasizing social and cultural factors in personality.

Carl Jung

Analytical psychologist known for concepts of archetypes and collective unconscious.

Abraham Maslow

Psychologist known for hierarchy of needs and self-actualization.

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist advocating for unconditional positive regard.

Albert Bandura

Psychologist known for social learning theory and self-efficacy.

Drive-reduction theory

Theory suggesting motivation arises from biological needs.

Homeostasis

Body's tendency to maintain stable internal conditions.

Yerkes-Dodson law

Principle stating optimal performance occurs at moderate arousal.

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs from basic to self-actualization.

Set point

Weight range body tries to maintain through homeostasis.

James-Lange theory

Theory stating emotions result from physiological responses.

Two-factor theory

Emotion arises from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Cannon-Bard

Theory proposing simultaneous emotion and physiological response.

Facial feedback effect

Our facial expressions can influence our emotions.

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Body's response to stress in three stages.

Teratogens

Substances causing developmental abnormalities in embryos.

Habituation

Decreased response to repeated stimuli over time.

Schema

Mental framework that help us organize and interpret information

Assimilation

Integrating new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Modifying schemas to incorporate new information.

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget's first stage; infants learn through senses.

Object permanence

Understanding objects continue to exist when unseen.

Preoperational stage

Piaget's stage; children use symbols but lack logic.

Conservation

Understanding quantity remains unchanged despite shape changes.

Egocentrism

Inability to see perspectives other than one's own.

Theory of mind

Understanding others have different thoughts and feelings.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget's stage; logical thinking about concrete events.

Formal operations stage

Piaget's stage; abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.

Critical period

Specific time for optimal development of certain skills.

Imprinting

Rapid learning occurring during a specific developmental phase.

Self-concept

Individual's perception of their own identity and abilities.

Gender identity

Personal sense of one's own gender.

Social learning theory

A theory that people learn behaviors by observing and imitating others.

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical traits developing at puberty, not directly related to reproduction.

Cross-sectional study

Research comparing different age groups at one time.

Longitudinal study

Research following the same subjects over time.

- make comparisons over time

Intelligence

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Fluid intelligence

ability to pick up new information

---> decrease over time

Crystalized intelligence (gc)

knowledge that one has acquired over time

--> increase over time

Psychometrics

study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

Charles Spearman

Believed that humans have a General Intelligence and that if we are good in one thing we are probably good in the other thing

General Intelligence

Idea that there is only one intelligence (good in one thing prob good at the next thing) so there is only one score that measures intelligence

Howard Gardner 's Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Believed that there are multiple different intelligences (8 Intelligences)

1) Linguistic: using language to present ideas

2) Logical: reasoning logical thinking

3) Spatial/Visual: interpreting visual images

4) Kinetic/Body: feeling expressing physically (hands on work)

5) Musical:

6) Intrapersonal: understanding yourself

7) Interpersonal: understanding others

8) Naturalist: understanding nature

Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

suggests that there are 3 aspects to intelligence: analytical (performance on tests), creativity, and practical (street smarts/ business smarts)

Goleman's Emotional Intelligence

The ability to perceive, express, and regulate emotions accurately and appropriately

-> interpersonal and intrapersonal

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children 6 years and older

Achievement Intelligence Tests

Measures what you have learned (AP)

Aptitude Intelligence Test

Measures your ability and what you could learn (SAT)

Validity

the extent to which a test measured what it was supposed to

Content Validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Predictive Validity

the extent to which the test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

Reliability

the extent to which a test has consistent results

How do we know?

--> Split Halves Method (comparing two sections of the same test)

Alfred Binet

Creator of intelligence (IQ) tests & mental age (used aptitude tests)

Mental Age

Intelligence that one should know based on their age

Stanford Binet Test

intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon later adapted to Intelligence Quotient

--> mental age/ physical age (100)

-----> worked well for children but not adults

Factor Analysis

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to identify patterns or groups in a large set of variables. It helps to simplify complex data by finding underlying factors that explain the correlations between different variables.

a statistical procedure that identifies correlations of related statements and identifies the underlying factors (or groups) that explain the patterns

ex:

You conduct a test where students rate themselves on 6 activities. The ratings are from 1 to 5:

I enjoy reading books.

I like solving puzzles.

I enjoy painting.

Step 1: Look for Patterns

Students who rate painting highly also rate visiting art galleries highly.

Students who rate meeting new people highly also rate hosting parties highly.

Step 2: Group Related Activities

These patterns suggest that some activities are related to each other:

Books and puzzles could be part of an underlying skill, like logical thinking.

Painting and art galleries could be part of another skill, like creativity.

Standardization

Identifying meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Bell Curve/Normal Curve

Heritability

The extent to which genetic factors influence differences in a particular trait or characteristic within a population. (get a portion of intelligence)

Stereotype threat

Idea that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype, something that confirming/proving a sterotype

Flynn Effect

rise of IQ test

Over the course of years, average IQ scores seem to rise and bc of this what we considered to be a good score before isn't a good score anymore

Brain Size and Intelligence

Small correlation (+0.15) between head size and intelligence scores

Brain Function and Intelligence

-Higher performing brains are less active than lower performing brains (use less glucose)

-neurological speed is also a bit quicker

Savant Syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness

Transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

signal detection theory

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise).

Subliminal

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness