The Cold War TCI CH 27-31

Where did the first United Nations meeting take place?

San Francisco

Which organization provided loans for war recovery after WWII?

World Bank

Which organization stabilized exchange rates in the global monetary system?

IMF

Which agreement lowered tariffs and trade barriers?

GATT

How many principal organs does the United Nations have?

6

How many permanent members are in the UN Security Council?

5

Name one permanent member of the UN Security Council.

United States

What are war crimes?

Violations of internationally accepted practices related to war

What did the Allies demand from Germany and Japan after WWII?

Disarmament and government restructuring

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

Trials of leaders who committed war crimes

Who was tried at the Nuremberg Trials?

Nazi leaders

How was Germany reorganized after WWII?

Divided into four military occupation zones

What government system did the Allies try to establish in Japan?

Democracy

What was the goal of the Marshall Plan?

To provide aid for rebuilding European economies

Which country funded most of the World Bank?

United States

What type of government did Japan’s new constitution create?

Parliamentary government

Why did the U.S. delay rebuilding Germany after WWII?

It focused on disarming Germany

What was the Cold War?

Struggle for power between the United States and Soviet Union

What decisions were made at the Yalta Conference?

Germany divided

Which two leaders deeply distrusted each other during the Cold War?

Stalin and Truman

Why was Stalin concerned about Soviet security after WWII?

Massive Soviet casualties during the war

What is a superpower?

A nation that influences or controls weaker nations

What was the Iron Curtain?

The barrier dividing Eastern and Western Europe

What were Soviet-controlled Eastern European countries called?

Satellites

What was George Kennan’s message called?

Long Telegram

What strategy aimed to stop the spread of communism?

Containment

What did the Truman Doctrine provide?

Aid to countries resisting communism

What was Stalin’s goal in the Berlin Blockade?

Force Allies out of West Berlin

What was the Berlin Airlift?

Allied effort to fly supplies into Berlin

What was NATO created for?

Mutual defense

What alliance did the Soviet Union create in response to NATO?

Warsaw Pact

What strategy did Mao use to strengthen communism in China?

Reorganized agriculture and industry along socialist ideals

What was the goal of the Great Leap Forward?

Increase agriculture and industry production

What major event resulted from the Great Leap Forward?

Largest famine in human history

What were the Red Guards?

Radical communist student groups in China

What was the Space Race?

Competition between the U.S. and USSR in space exploration

What is a developing country?

Poor country with little industrialization

What were countries that stayed neutral in the Cold War called?

Nonaligned nations

What two economic systems pressured developing nations during the Cold War?

Socialism and capitalism

Why were some developing nations attracted to socialism?

It promised economic equality and opposed imperialism

What reform did Jacobo Árbenz introduce in Guatemala?

Land reform

How did the U.S. respond to Jacobo Árbenz?

Supported forces to overthrow him

What did Salvador Allende promise in Chile?

Democratic road to socialism

Why did Nixon oppose Allende?

Fear of communism spreading

How did the U.S. respond to Fidel Castro?

Trade embargo and attempts to overthrow him

Which country gave Cuba economic aid?

Soviet Union

What ended the Korean War fighting?

Armistice

Why did Truman avoid attacking China during the Korean War?

Feared Soviet involvement and nuclear escalation

What did the Geneva Accords do?

Divided Vietnam into communist north and non-communist south

What happened after the U.S. left Vietnam?

Vietnam united under communism

What was the Khmer Rouge?

Communist movement in Cambodia

What did Reagan demand in his 1987 speech?

Tear down the Berlin Wall

What was Perestroika?

Gorbachev’s restructuring reforms

What problems hurt the Soviet economy in the 1980s?

Shortages

What was the Reagan Doctrine?

U.S. aid to anti-communist rebels

What was the Strategic Defense Initiative?

Missile defense shield against nuclear attacks

Why did Reagan and Gorbachev’s first arms talks fail?

Reagan refused to cancel SDI

What happened in Eastern Europe after the USSR stopped interfering?

Communism collapsed

Which Soviet republic first declared independence?

Lithuania

Which two republics fought over Nagorno-Karabakh?

Armenia and Azerbaijan

How many independent states formed after the Soviet Union collapsed?

15

What happened to the Warsaw Pact after communism fell?

It dissolved

How did Gorbachev officially end the Cold War?

Resigned and dissolved the Soviet Union

What did the 1947 UN Palestine plan create?

Separate Arab and Jewish states

What happened after Israel declared independence in 1948?

Arab nations invaded

What major refugee crisis resulted from the 1948 Arab-Israeli War?

Palestinians became refugees

What action by Nasser caused the Suez Crisis?

Seized the Suez Canal

What movement did Nasser support?

Pan-Arabism

What did Egypt agree to in the Camp David Accords?

Recognized Israel’s right to exist

What was the Intifada?

Palestinian uprising beginning in 1987

Why was Hosni Mubarak removed from power?

Popular protests

Why did the CIA overthrow Mohammad Mossadeq?

He nationalized British oil businesses

What type of government did Ayatollah Khomeini want in Iran?

Islamic theocracy

What was Khomeini’s attitude toward the United States?

Strongly anti-American

Why did Iraq invade Iran in 1980?

Fear the Iranian Revolution would spread

Why did Arab states place an oil embargo in 1973?

Countries supported Israel

What event started the Persian Gulf War?

Iraq invaded Kuwait

Who was Saddam Hussein?

Iraqi dictator seeking greater Middle East power

Name an important oil-producing Persian Gulf nation.

Saudi Arabia

What is an embargo?

Government order restricting trade with another nation