10: Europe as a climate power slides + notes

IPCC Working Group 1 report (2021)

A report described by Guterres as a "code red for humanity," stating that greenhouse-gas emissions from fossil-fuel burning and deforestation are causing irreversible changes to the planet.

Energy Union

An EU framework aimed at diversifying energy sources, routes, and suppliers, particularly in gas, while promoting nuclear safety standards in third countries.

REPOWER EU

The EU's plan to phase out reliance on Russian gas following the Ukraine war by importing from other regions and investing in renewable sources.

Securitization of renewables

A shift identified by Goldthau and Youngs (2023) where renewable energy moves to the center of European security policy.

Renewables extractivism

A form of "EU green-realpolitik" characterized by policies focused on extracting renewable energy from third countries.

State interventionism

A shift in EU energy policy reflecting a changing overall European economic model through increased government involvement.

ERTA case (1971)

An ECJ legal judgement through which the Commission gained the capacity for external representation.

Vogler (2023) legislation statistic

The observation that upwards of $80$ per cent of member states' domestic environmental legislation is initiated by EU environmental directives.

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

A central development in the UNFCCC where the EU played a leading role in its signing.

COP15 (Copenhagen, 2009)

A climate summit seen as a failure for the EU, occurring alongside the global financial crisis and the rise of BRIC countries.

COP21 (Paris)

A successful summit where the EU leveraged its development power to help set an aspiration to constrain global mean temperature increase to $1.5^{\circ}C$.

EU green-realpolitik

A term describing a new policy orientation involving renewables extractivism from third countries.

IPCC Working Group 1 report (2021)

A report described as a 'code red for humanity' by Guterres, stating that evidence of greenhouse-gas emissions from fossil-fuel burning and deforestation is irrefutable and chokes the planet.

The European Green Deal

The EU's roadmap for a sustainable economy that aims for climate ambition in 2030 and 2050, including goals like zero pollution, 'Farm to Fork' food systems, and preserving biodiversity.

Just Transition

A mechanism within the European Green Deal intended to finance the climate transition while ensuring that 'no one is left behind.'

EU Energy Diversification

The strategy to seek various energy sources, routes, and suppliers particularly in the gas domain, to strengthen relations with reliable transit countries and promote nuclear safety.

Nord Stream 1 and 2

Gas pipeline routes through the Baltic Sea connecting Russia (Vyborg and Ust-Luga) to Germany (Greifswald).

Securitization of renewables

A shift resulting from the 2022 energy crisis where renewable energy moved to the center of European security policy.

Renewables extractivism

A new form of 'EU green-realpolitik' characterized by a move towards policies centered on extracting renewable energy from third countries.

ERTA case (1971)

A legal judgment of the ECJ that allowed the Community (in the shape of the Commission) to gain the capacity for external representation.

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

A landmark international climate agreement in which the EU played a central role in development through its climate diplomacy.

COP15 Copenhagen (2009)

A climate conference where the EU is generally seen to have failed, occurring amid the global financial crisis and the rise of BRIC countries.

COP21 Paris

A successful climate summit with an aspiration to constrain global mean temperature increase to $1.5^{\circ}\text{C}$ and a new framework for reviewing nationally determined contributions.

EU Climate Diplomacy

An area of external action where the EU acts as a 'power' by bringing together developed and less developed countries, leveraging its status as a development power.