12 bioethics

Health

condition of being well or free from disease

state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Disease

a condition that prevents the body or mind from working properly

Koch’s Postulates

established criteria illustrating how specific microbes cause certain disease

Communicable Diseases

are infectious diseases or transmissible diseases.

Infectious diseases

are contagious when it spread thru direct, bodily contact with an infected person, their discharges, or an object or surface they’ve contaminated

Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD)

CA, diabetes, obesity, musculoskeletal diseases, mental disorders, cataract, alzheimer’s disease

Sporadic

Endemic

Epidemic

Pandemic

Classification of Disease Based on frequency

Sporadic

happens at irregular intervals (ex. thunder), without geographic concentration EX. tetanus, rabies, plague

Endemic

w/in the particular population place, environment or region Ex. School children – chicken pox; malaria

Epidemic

spread quickly to other areas; # of cases of infectious diseases in a specific area Ex. Cholera, diarrhea, measles malaria, dengue

Pandemic

occurrence over a wide area

acute

chronic

subacute

laten

Severity of Disease

acute

develops quickly/lasts short time

chronic

develops slowly/lasts long time

subacute

inbetween acute and chronic

latent

-causative agent remains inactive for a period of time and then becomes active to produce symptoms

Primary Infection

Secondary Infection

Subclinical Infection

Extent of Host Involvement

Incubation

Prodromal

Illness

Decline

Convalescence

Stages of Disease Development

Prodromal Period

can transmit infection, infectious agent continues to replicate

Ethics

practical science of morality of human conduct

set of moral principles and a code for behavior that govern an individual’s actions with other individuals and within society.

Bioethics

division of ethics that relates to human life; ethics of life sciences and healthcare, both delivery and research

Health Ethics

division of ethics for health professions

Professional ethics

division of ethics that relates to professional behavior

Morality

what people believe to be right and good, while ethics is a critical reflection about morality.

Deontology

Nonconsequentialism, Considers that some acts are right or wrong independent of their consequences

Consequentialism

Actions are determined and justified by the consequence of the act. consider all the consequences of what they are about to do prior to deciding a right action.

Utilitarian Ethics

Considers the greatest good for the largest number of people. Also answers the question: What should I do and why should I do it?

Intuitionism

Resolves ethical dilemmas by appealing to one’s intuition, a moral faculty of a person which directly knows what is right or wrong. (A gut feeling of knowing what is right)

Rights Ethics

This popular American theory resolves ethical dilemmas by first determining what rights or moral claims are involved and take precedence

Virtue Ethics

tells us what kind of person one ought to be, rather than what they do. The focus is on the character (goodness) of the person.

Behavior

What should I do?

Motivation

Why should I do it?

Idiosyncrasy

no two people are exactly alike

Cultural Relativism

Everyone does it.

Ethical principles

provide the framework/ tools which may facilitate individuals and society to resolve conflict in a fair, just and moral manner.

Stewardship

Totality

Double Effect

Cooperation

Solidarity

Basic Ethical Principles

Stewardship

We should not harm our bodies, instead we should treat it with utmost respect.

I must take care of my health, the health of my neighbor and the environment. I must also work for the liberation from poverty, disease and oppression

Totality

wholeness; each person must develop, use, care for and preserve all his parts and functions for themselves as well as the good of the whole

Double Effect

when the act is foreseen to have both good and bad effects

Cooperation

a participation of one agent with another agent to produce a particular effect or joint effect. Cooperation maybe a formal, material, immediate or mediate

formal cooperation

secondary agent willingly participates

material cooperation

secondary agent does not willingly participate

immediate cooperation

when the action of the secondary agent is inherently bound to the performance of evil action

mediate cooperation

if the action of the secondary agent is not inherently bound to the performance of the evil action

Solidarity

It means to be one with others

Autonomy/Freedom

Veracity

Privacy/Confidentiality

Beneficence/Nonmaleficence

Fidelity

Justice

Major Bioethical Principles

Autonomy

The right to participate in and decide on a course of action without undue influence.

Self-Determination

the freedom to act independently. Individual actions are directed toward goals that are exclusively one’s own.

Veracity

The duty to tell the truth

Privacy/Confidentiality

Respecting privileged knowledge. Respecting the “self” of others.

Beneficence/Nonmaleficence

The principle and obligation of doing good and avoiding harm.

counsels a provider to relate to clients in a way that will always be in the best interest of the client, rather than the provider.

Fidelity

Strict observance of promises or duties

Justice

The principle that deals with fairness, equity and equality and provides for an individual to claim that to which they are entitled.

Comparative Justice

Making a decision based on criteria and outcomes.

Noncomparative Justice

justice by chance

The Human Person

is the subject of healthcare and his health is our common goal. As a person, he has a dignity that must always be respected. He can and should freely choose what is best for him.

The Human Act

an act which precedes from the deliberate free will of man; he knows what he is doing and freely chooses to do what he does; for an act of man to be considered a human act it must have knowledge, freedom and willfulness

knowledge

freedom

willfulness

3 characteristics of human act

Conscience

personal practical judgment of reason upon a particular individual act as good and to be performed or as evil and to be avoided.

what a person believes is right and how a person decides what is right. More than just 'gut instinct'

moral muscle

Thomas Aquinas

medieval philosopher, believed our conscience emerged from synderesis [sin-dee-ree-sis] – the ‘spark of conscience’. He literally meant the human mind’s ability to understand the world in moral terms; “spark of the soul”

Aristotle

described phronesis [fronee-sis] – the goodness of practical reason; the ability to evaluate a situation clearly so we would know how to act virtuously under the circumstances.

correct conscience

tells us when something is a good choice or a bad choice and that this decision is in agreement with what that thing; actually is according to the objective law

erroneous conscience

judges something incorrectly, when something is bad you think it’s good and when its good you think it’s bad.

when a person knowingly, or unknowingly, makes a mistake in judgement by doing the wrong thing which they consciously believed was the right thing to do.

Vincibly erroneous

not due to one’s own fault; person has no awareness of the possibility of error; must be followed just the same as a certain conscience which is right.

Perplexed conscience

type of erroneous conscience fears sin in whatever choice it makes (conflict of values); occurs in individuals who are less acquainted with moral norms; if the decision can be delayed, postpone action to obtain information, if not, choose the lesser evil

lax conscience

escribes an inconsistent assortment of moral values; conscience inclined to judge thing to be truthful when in fact sinful; considers something to be a light sin when actually it is a grave one.

feigning and hypocrisy

lax conscience example

feigning

viciously self-serving reasons, such as helping little old ladies cross busy streets, and stealing their purses in the process.

hypocrisy

preaching a set of values to which one does not adhere in practice, as exhibited by a politician who spouts “family values” rhetoric, but falls into bed with anyone who gives him (or her) a second look. (Not tactful)

scrupulous conscience

is in constant dread of sin where there is none, or of grave sin when there is only venial sin

certain and doubtful

Conscience in relation to certitude

certain conscience

passes judgment without fear of error; purity of intention; one’s moral actions are not for show but arise from a sincere intention to do what is right; acting to one’s convictions; Must be obeyed when it commands or forbids

doubtful conscience

uncertain concerning the morality of an action; hence it suspends its judgments but with reasonable fear of erring; one may never act in a practical doubt on the lawfulness of an action; act can be postponed, there is certainty

super go

ego

id

Human personality consists of three areas: (Sigmund Freud)

super ego

set of moral controls given to us by outside influences; our moral code or conscience and is often in conflict with the id;

ego

the conscious self, part seen by the outside world

id

unconscious self, part of the mind containing basic drives and repressed memories. It is amoral, has no concerns about right and wrong and is only concerned with itself.