chapter 9 endocrine system

steroid hormone

made from lipids: steroids produced from gonads and adrenal cortex

amino acid hormone

produced by all other endocrine glands

Anterior pituitary

adenohypophysis

promotes growth, stimulates thyroid hormone (TSH)

releases GH, ACTH, FSH

posterior pituitary

neurohypophysis

promotes water reabsorption in kidney

ADH

ACTH

• anterior pituitary

• stimulates adrenal glands for cortisol

pituitary gland

aka hypophysis, small gland beneath the brain

hypothalamus

regulates homeostasis and controls pituitary gland

• ADH (conserve water in kidney)

• oxytocin (urin contractions)

Thyroid gland

connected by isthamus

T3 and T4

increase metabolic rate

study iodine levels

Parathyroid gland

6, on posterior surface of thyroid

Calcium exchange between bones and blood = PTH

Adrenal Cortex (kidney)

Produces STEROIDS

• cortisol (stress and blood glucose levels)

• aldosterone (retain sodium and excrete potassium)

• sex hormones

Adrenal Medulla

epinephrine (adrenaline)

Pancreatic Islet

insulin/ glucagon

Pineal glands

in the brain, releases melatonin (circadian rhythm)

Thymus

located mediastinum (upper heart), T cells

Prostaglandins

group of hormones produced by many cells

Pituitary adenoma

over makes ACTH = gigantism

acromegaly

enlargement

adenomectomy

remove glandular tumor

Cushing disease

pituitary tumor over-secretes ACTH

panhypopituitarism

pituitary hypofunction = dwarfism

diabetes insipidus

lack of ADH = kidneys have decreased ability to converse water

dispra

thirst

poly

excessive

congenital hypothyroidism

thyroid deficiency “infantile” slow

adult hypothyrodism

autoimmune disorder, destruction of thyroid

Graves disease

autoimmune disease causes increased thyroid hormones

exophthalmos = bulging eyeballs

goiter

enlarged thyroid

over activation of parathyroid

high blood calcium levels

under activation of pituitary gland

tetany (muscle spasms)

Addison disease

Hypo adrenal gland

(low ACTH, low water and electrolytes)

Hyper adrenal gland

Cushing SYNDROME (too much cortisol)

moon face, hair growth

hirsutism

excessive hair growth

Diabetes Mellitus

blood glucose problems

hyperglycemia

excess glucose

glycosuria

increased glucose in urination from hyperglycemia

ketoacidosis

accumulation of ketones and body acid (hyperglycemia)

glycated hemoglobin HbA1c

blood glucose test 2/3 months

Type 1 DM

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells and the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin

Type 2 DM

cellular resistance to insulin

Metabolic Syndrome

T2 hyperglycemia, insulin resistance because of metabolic disorders

GDM gestational DM

glucose intolerance during pregnancy

hypoglycemia

too much insulin = insulin shock

thyroid gland location

anterior to trrachea

OGTT IFG IGT FPG

all glucose tests