pre lab quiz gymnosperms and angiosperms

what structures are similar and different in ferns and gymnosperms/angiosperms

shared- vascular tissue, true roots stems and leaves, sporophyte dominant life cycle

differing- G+A reproduce via seeds and fers use spores, ferns dont have flowers or cones and use sporangia, G+A use pollen fertilization and ferns require water for fertilization

Gymnosperms include which 4 phyla? How do they differ structurally from members of Phylum Anthophyta?

Coniferophyta, cycadophyte, ginkgophyte and gnetophyta

They are usually found in cones rather then in a fruit, use cones instead of flowers, do not produce fruits, and have simpler vascular tissue

what structures are haploid and diploid, which generation predominates in each life cycle

Haploid phase- microspores, megaspores, megagametophyte, microgametophyte

Diploid phase- sporophyte, megasporophyte, microsporophyte

Both are sporophyte dominant

main reproductive structures of the gymnosperms

male cones produce pollen grains, female cones contain ovules and seeds are formed after fertilization

homosporous vs heterosporus

homosporus- produce one type of spore

heterosporus- produce two types of spored (microspores (male cone) and megaspores (female cones))

both G and A are heterosporous

Are gymnosperms monoecious or dioecious? How does the location staminate cones in conifers help ensure cross-pollination?

Most are monoecious but certain cycads and ginkgo are dioecious

 Male cones are located on lower branches and female on higher, increasing the chance of it being blown to different trees

What is a cotyledon? What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot?

Seed leaf that stores or absorbs nutrients and provides energy during germination.

Monocots have one seed leaf and dicots have 2 seed leaves

Why do angiosperms produce a triploid nucleus during fertilization?

it makes endosperm which is a nutrient rich tissue that feeds the developing embryo and is a built in food supply in the seed.

What is the function of fruit? Which part of the flower forms the fruit?

Functions to protect the developing sees and aid in seed dispersal, the fruit develops from the ovary after fertilization and the ovary wall becomes pericarp (fruit wall).

What are the different types of fruit? How do they differ?

Simple fruits- develop from one ovary of a single flower, can be dry (nuts and beans) or fleshy (tomato or peach)

Aggregate fruits- develop from multiple ovaries of a single flower

Multiple fruits- develop from ovaries of multiple flowers growing together

Phylum Cycadophyta

cycads

Phylum Ginkgophyta

ginkgo

Phylum Coniferophyta

conifers (pines, spruces, firs, yews, redwoods)

Phylum Gnetophyta

gnethophytes