ap csp mcq

Variable

A named storage location that holds data in a program.

Why are variables useful?

They allow programs to store, update, and reuse information.

String

A data type that stores text.

Integer

A whole number data type.

Float

A number with decimals.

Boolean

A data type with only two values: True or False.

List

A collection of multiple values stored in one variable.

Index

The position of an item in a list. Most programming languages start at index 0.

Assignment Operator

= assigns a value to a variable.

Example of Variable Assignment

score = 0

Input

A value entered into a program by the user.

Output

Information displayed by the program.

Procedure

A named group of code that performs a task.

Function

A procedure that can return a value.

Parameter

A variable inside a procedure that receives input values.

Argument

The actual value passed into a procedure.

Example of a Parameter

def greet(name)

Example of an Argument

greet("Luis")

Return Statement

Sends a value back from a procedure.

Why use procedures?

They organize code and make programs reusable.

Algorithm

A step-by-step process used to solve a problem.

Sequencing

The order in which instructions execute.

Selection

Decision-making in a program using conditionals.

Iteration

Repeating code using loops.

Three Parts of an Algorithm

Sequencing, selection, and iteration.

Conditional Statement

Code that runs differently depending on whether a condition is true or false.

If Statement

Runs code only if a condition is true.

Elif Statement

Checks another condition if the previous one was false.

Else Statement

Runs if all previous conditions are false.

Boolean Expression

An expression that evaluates to True or False.

Comparison Operators

==, !=, >,

Logical Operators

and, or, not

What does == mean?

Checks if two values are equal.

What does != mean?

Checks if two values are not equal.

While Loop

Repeats code while a condition is true.

For Loop

Repeats code a certain number of times or through a list.

Infinite Loop

A loop that never stops because its condition is always true.

Loop Control Variable

A variable that changes to control loop repetition.

Counter Variable

A variable used to keep track of numbers or repetitions.

Accumulator

A variable that stores a running total.

Nested Loop

A loop inside another loop.

Iteration Example

while x < 5

Why are loops useful?

They automate repetitive tasks.

What does len() do?

Returns the number of items in a list or characters in a string.

What does .lower() do?

Converts text to lowercase.

What does .append() do?

Adds an item to the end of a list.

What does random.randint() do?

Generates a random integer within a range.

Syntax

The rules for writing code correctly.

Logic

The reasoning behind how code works.

Runtime Error

An error that happens while the program runs.

Syntax Error

An error caused by incorrect code formatting.

Logic Error

Code runs but produces incorrect results.

Debugging

Finding and fixing errors in code.

Comment

Text in code ignored by the computer and used for explanations.

Why use comments?

They make code easier to understand.

Data Abstraction

Using data structures like lists to simplify programs.

Managing Complexity

Making programs easier to build, read, and modify.

Why do lists manage complexity?

They store many values in one structure instead of separate variables.

What is an API?

A tool that allows programs to communicate with other software or services.

What is an abstraction?

Hiding unnecessary details to simplify use.

Binary

A number system using only 0s and 1s.

Why do computers use binary?

Computers use electrical signals with only ON and OFF states.

Bit

A single binary digit.

Byte

8 bits.

What is 0001 in binary?

1

What is 0010 in binary?

2

What is 0011 in binary?

3

What is 0100 in binary?

4

What is 0101 in binary?

5

What is 0110 in binary?

6

What is 0111 in binary?

7

What is 1000 in binary?

8

How do you convert binary to decimal?

Add the place values of all 1s.

Binary Place Values

128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

Example Binary Conversion

1010 = 8 + 2 = 10

Hexadecimal

Base-16 number system using 0-9 and A-F.

Overflow Error

When a number exceeds available storage space.

Lossy Compression

Compression that removes some data permanently.

Lossless Compression

Compression that reduces size without losing data.

Metadata

Data about data.

Computing Device

A machine that processes information.

Program

A set of instructions a computer follows.

Compiler

Translates code into machine language.

Interpreter

Runs code line by line.

Machine Language

The binary instructions understood by computers.

Open Source

Code that anyone can view or modify.

Internet

A global network connecting devices.

World Wide Web

A system of linked webpages on the internet.

IP Address

A unique address identifying a device on a network.

DNS

Converts website names into IP addresses.

Packet

A small piece of data sent across networks.

Routing

The process of directing packets across the internet.

Redundancy

Multiple pathways that improve network reliability.

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data transmitted over time.

Latency

The delay in data transmission.

Protocol

Rules for transmitting data.

TCP

Ensures packets arrive correctly and in order.

IP

Handles addressing and routing packets.

HTTP

A protocol for transferring webpages.

HTTPS

A secure version of HTTP.