AP2 Exam 4 Review

progestin

principal hormone secreted by corpus luteum; prepares uterus wall for pregnancy

renal cortex

outer layer of kidney; contacts renal capsule

nephron

functional unit of kidney that works under hydrostatic pressure to filter blood, producing urine, maintaining fluid electrolyte balance, and removing metabolic waste

juxtamedullary nephron

end of nephron that extends into renal medulla; has long loops of Henle

pulmonary artery

The right ventricle pumps blood to the…

seminiferous tubules; rete testis; efferent ducts

The _____ _____ produce sperm and connect to the passageway called the _____ _____, and _____ _____ connect those to the epididymis.

ductus deferens

stores and conveys sperm from epididymis to urethra

renal corpuscle

nephron part: consists of glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule; site where filtration occurs; blood from afferent arterioles arrives at glomerulus

glomerulus

renal corpuscle part: ~50 intertwining capillaries that projects into Bowman’s capsule

Bowman’s capsule

renal corpuscle part: has capillaries covered by epithelia tissue consisting of large cells called podocytes, which have feet called pedicels

kidneys > ureters > urinary bladder > urethra

organ pathing of the urinary tract

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renal artery; segmental arteries; interlobar arteries; arcuate arteries; cortical radiate arteries; afferent arterioles; efferent arterioles; peritubular capillaries; venules; interlobular veins; arcuate veins; interlobar veins; renal vein

Each kidney receives blood from _____ _____, which divides into _____ _____, which divides into _____ _____; which divide into _____ _____, which divide into _____ _____ _____ which divide into_____ _____, which deliver blood to the capillaries to supply each nephron. Then, the blood passes to _____ _____, which passes to the _____ _____; which then passes to the _____; which passes to _____ _____; which passes to _____ _____; which passes to _____ _____; which passes to _____ _____.

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degenerates; constrict; decrease; decrease

During menses (step 1 of uterine cycle)…

• The functional zone _____ (generates/degenerates).

• Spiral arteries _____ (expand/constrict) to _____ (increase/decrease) bloodflow to area, causing _____ (increase/decrease) of oxygen and nutrients.

• Arteries rupture and dying tissue in area is sloughed off. Endometrial sloughing is called _____ and lasts 1-7 days.

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prepuce

skin covering the glans penis

epicardium

outer layer of the heart

primary spermatocytes; secondary spermatocytes

During meiosis I in males, _____ _____ become _____ _____.

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secondary spermatocytes; spermatids

During meiosis II in males, _____ _____ become _____ _____.

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primary oocytes; ovarian follicles

_____ _____ in the _____ _____ only grow until the prophase of meiosis I in females, then halts until puberty.

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LH

In females, increasing ___ (hormone) levels causes the oocyte to complete meiosis I but stop at the metaphase stage in meiosis II.

filtration

when hydrostatic BP forces water and solutes out of blood vessel into capsular space

renal hilum

vertical, recessed slit on the medial border of the kidney that serves as the main entry and exit point for the renal artery, renal vein, nerves, lymphatics, and the renal pelvis/ureter

renal medulla

inner layer of kidney; consists of 6-18 triangular structures called renal pyramids

urinary

The following are components of what system?

• kidneys

• ureter

• urinary bladder

• urethra

renal pelvis

expanded end or ureter that attaches to kidney

digestive

The following are components of what system?

• oral cavity

• salivary glands

• pharynx

• esophagus

• stomach

• liver

• gall bladder

• pancreas

• small intestine

• large intestine

cremaster muscle

located deep in dermis; contracts during sexual arousal or to changes in temperature; moves testes closer to/farther from the body

endocrine

What system includes cells that are specialized, ductless, and synthesize/secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction?

seminal vesicle

gland: 60% of volume; fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen

prostate gland

gland: 25% of volume, seminalplasmin (antibiotic)

bulbourethral gland

10% of volume, neutralizes urinary acids,

vagina

muscular tube located between the cervix and the vestibule; ~3.5” in length; low pH; 3 functions:

• serves as passageway for elimination of menstrual fluid

• receives the penis and holds sperm prior to passage to uterus

• forms part of the birth canal which fetus passes during delivery

ADH

hormone released from posterior pituitary gland that helps with variable reabsorption of water by osmosis

ovary > fallopian tube > uterus

ovum pathing to uterus

answer format: [] > [] > []

spermatogenesis

process that turns stem cells into spermatozoa; begins in seminiferous tubules and proceeds towards lumen; consists of meiosis I, meiosis II, and spermiogenesis

spermiogenesis

process that turns spermatids into spermatozoa; last phase of spermatogenesis

water; urea; creatinine; uric acid

4 end products of urine

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olfaction; vision; gustation; equilibrium; hearing

5 special senses

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follicular phase

phase 1 of menstrual cycle (days 1-13):

• GnRH rises

• FSH and LH are constant then spike

• ovarian follicle grows

ovulation

phase 2 of menstrual cycle (day 14):

• GnRH peaks right before

• FSH and LH spike and peak right before

• ovarian follicle ruptures

luteal phase

phase 3 of menstrual cycle (days 15-28):

• GnRH decreases gradually

• FSH and LH jump back down to base levels

• ruptured ovarian follicle transforms into corpus luteum

tunica albuginea

dense layer of connective tissue with collagen fibers that covers the testes; extend into the center of testes and forms partitions called septa

tunica vaginalis

visceral peritoneum that covers the ovaries

500 mL; 1000 mL

If urine volume exceeds ___ mL, internal urethral sphincter can be forced open; max. bladder capacity is ___ mL

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glomerulus

The process of filtration is mainly done by…

reproductive

Which system performs the following functions?

• produces male and female gametes

• stores gametes

• nourishes gametes

• transports gametes

macula densa

group of specialized, densely packed columnar epithelial cells in the kidney's distal tubule that function as sensors for NaCl concentration in tubular fluid

penis; scrotum

The external genitalia is made up of the _____ and _____.

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dartos muscle

smooth muscle covering testes; produces wrinkled skin of scrotum when relaxed

prostate

gland beneath the bladder and in front of the rectum; urethra passes through it

spermatogonia

stem cells that become spermatozoa

oogonia

stem cells that become ovums

renal pyramid

cone-shaped tissues in the renal medulla that transport and concentrate urine

emesis

vomiting

micturition

urination

afferent arteriole

delivers blood into the glomerulus

efferent arteriole

delivers blood out of the glomerulus

papillary duct

delivers urine to minor calyx; each collecting duct begins in cortex and descends into medulla

peritubular capillaries

capillaries that surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules