Theology: Reformation to the Present Test #1 Study Guide

These flashcards cover key terms and figures in the study of Reformation theology, providing definitions necessary for understanding the context and debates of the period.

Martin Luther

A central figure in the Reformation who challenged the Catholic Church's practices and advocated for justification by faith alone.

Ulrich Zwingli

A leader of the Reformation in Switzerland who proposed theological reforms based on scripture.

Thomas Müntzer

A radical reformer who believed in social upheaval and emphasized the need for a revolutionary approach to faith.

Indulgences

Payments made to the Church to reduce punishment for sins, which were widely criticized during the Reformation.

Sola scriptura

A doctrine stating that scripture alone is the supreme authority in matters of faith and practice.

Diet of Worms

An assembly of the Holy Roman Empire in 1521 where Martin Luther defended his writings and was ultimately excommunicated.

Justification by faith alone

The belief that faith in Jesus Christ is the sole means of achieving salvation.

Magisterial reformation

Reform movement led by magistrates (government officials) under the auspices of state authority.

Radical Reformation

A movement that sought to reform the church beyond the Magisterial Reformation, advocating for a more radical application of scripture.

Calvin vs. Sadoleto

A theological debate between John Calvin and Cardinal Sadoleto focusing on issues of predestination and justification.

Counter-reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Reformation, aiming to reform itself and counteract Protestant movements.

Sola gratia

The belief that grace alone, not human effort, is necessary for salvation.

Sola fide

The doctrine that faith alone is sufficient for justification.

Soli Deo gloria

The principle that all glory is to be due to God alone.

Good works

Actions that are considered virtuous and commendable, discussed by reformers in the context of faith versus works.

Münster

City associated with radical Reformation figures like Thomas Müntzer.

Meno Simons

A leader in the Anabaptist movement who emphasized adult baptism.

Conrad Grebel

Founder of the Anabaptist movement, which rejected infant baptism and advocated for a believer’s church.

Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury who played a key role in the English Reformation and the establishment of the Book of Common Prayer.

Mary I

Queen of England known for her attempt to revert England back to Catholicism, resulting in the Marian persecutions.

Renaissance humanism

An intellectual movement that emphasized the study of classical texts and human potential, influencing Reformation thought.

Schleitheim Confession

A 1527 document outlining Anabaptist beliefs and practices, including the rejection of infant baptism.