Hort Exam 2

1. ______ trees and crepe myrtles are good examples of plants that are commonly thinned.

Fruit

2. Which type of pruning is usually effective on flowering shrubs.

Renewal

3. When pruning, it is very important that the cut be made the correct distance from the _______.

Bud

4. If a plant flowers in the spring, it should be pruned when?

After it flowers

5. The best time to root prune is how long before the transplant date?

one growing sesson

6. What needs to be removed from the plant because it saps the plant’s energy?

seed pods

7. Which kind of specialized pruning involves the use of hook and blade pruners, handheld trimmers and shears?

topiary

8. Name the natural, organic, moisture-holding substance that is wrapped around a girdled stem to keep it from drying out.

sphagnum moss

9. Which propagation type involves bending a branch from the parent plant to the ground, where it is partially covered with soil (the tip stays out).

simple layering

10. What are some examples of plants that root naturally by layering?

strawberries and boysenberries

11. When is simple layering usually accomplished?

early spring

12. What propagation method works well with long-stemmed, vinelike plants such as wisteria, clematis and grapes?

compound layering

13. The step of the air-layering method when you cut and completely remove the bark and from around a plant stem is called to ________ the stem.

girdle

14. Name the type/form of asexual reproduction that eliminates burying part of the parent plant in soil.

air layering

15. __________ is the term used to describe when roots are formed on a stem or tuber while it is still attached to the parent plant. Very similar to 11, but occurs naturally.

layering

16. For what specific crop has grafting improved resistance to soil-borne pests and created fast-growing, large plants with more leaf area and 30 to 50 percent more fruit?

tomatoes

17. The small shoots of which season’s growth are used for budwood or bud sticks?

current

18. In whip grafting, what thin tissue found under the bark of the scion, must be made to match up with the growing area at the edge of the root piece on at least one side?

cambium

19. Grafting is one type of _____________ propagation

asexual

20. What is one crop that chip budding is used on?

grapes

21. What time of the year can chip budding be safely accomplished?

summer and fall

22. In grafting, what term is used to describe the newly-installed shoot or top of the plant?

scion

23. What crop is grafting primarily used on?

trees

24. What is the term used for the part of the tree in which the T-shaped cut is made in order for the bud on it’s shield to be pushed down into the slit in the bark during Tbudding?

rootstock

25. What time of the year is best for propagating fruit trees by budding?

late summer

26. In cleft grafting, what angle is the scion cut at?

90 degrees

27. What kind of propagation is commonly used on fruit trees?

whip grafting

28. What time of the year is cleft grafting normally accomplished?

January, February, March

29. What type of bud is necessary for propagation purposes?

vegetative

30. When you check a bud that has been grafted, and find that the bud appears plump and of normal color, and the ________ has dropped off, then the bud had probably grown to the rootstock.

petiole

31. What is the term used for daffodil bulb offsets when they are first separated from the mother bub?

splits

32. What is the term used for the cluster of roots and stems that can be divided for tuberous root crops during the dormant season

crown

33. What flower is a rhizome plant?

iris

34. What must form on hardwood cutting during their period of storage before roots can grow?

callus

35. What term describes a type of bulb with dry membranous scales?

tunicate

36. Bulbs and corm can reproduce by what process?

separation

37. In propagation by Division, stem tubers, tuberous roots and ______ can be cut from the plant with pruners or a knife and used to propagate new plants.

clumps of multiple shoots with roots

38. Plant cuttings should be treated with what percentage of indolebutyric acid to promote root growth?

0.8 and 1.0

39. What system can be used to benefit narrowleaf evergreen cuttings?

misting

40. Which type of propagation is one of the easiest and least expensive processes of all methods of asexual or vegetative reproduction?

Hardwood cuttings

41. Hardwood cuttings can be made early enough to allow them to be stored for what period of time before planting?

6 to 8 weeks

42. What time of year is the most likely time to prepare hardwood cuttings?

winter

43. What percentage of the hardwood cuttings are expected to grow into living plants?

60 to 80

44. How many buds must be located above ground when cuttings are lined out in the nursery row?

1 (one)

45. What term is used for perennial plants with stems that die to the ground after the growing season has ended, but re-emerge for the next season?

herbaceous

46. When is the best time of the day to take a cutting?

morning or evening

47. To identify the top and bottom of a cutting, the top is cut straight across at a 90 degree angle. but the bottom is cut at _____ degrees.

45

48. The leaves of cutting lose moisture through what process?

transpiration

49. When handling seedlings, hold them by what part?

true leaves

50. The ideal humidity level for new cuttings is ______ percent.

100

51. What is the term for the growth of protective tissue that forms over a wounded plant stem?

callus formation

52. What is the term used to describe cuttings taken from the leaf, bud, stem or root when the plant tissue is tender?

softwood

53. Cuttings can be taken from the bud, stem, leaf or ______ of a plant.

root

54. What term describes the offspring of two different cultivars or species, but within the same family, which usually appear different from either parent?

hybrid variety

55. The new plants produced by asexual means are exact genetic duplicates or ____ of the parent plant.

clones

56. The conditions necessary for a cutting to produce roots and grow include moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, warmth and _______.

light

57. Softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings are taken while the plants still have _______on them, and may be taken from the tip of the branch or stem or from a ground shoot growing at the base of the plant.

leaves

58. What is an example of a plant that can easily be propagated from leaf cuttings?

African violet

59. What propagation method has been used for orchids for many years, but is now being used for many kinds of plants? It involves growing cells from a growing shoot tip or bud on sterile conditions on a nutrient medium such as agar. Thousands of new plants identical to the parent plant can be produced.

micropropagation

60. Which of the types of propagation listed is NOT a type of vegetable propagation: budding, division, grafting, layering, leaf and leaf bud cuttings, micropropagation, root cuttings, seeds and stem cuttings?

seeds