Pathophysiology of Edema and Shock

These flashcards cover key concepts including definitions, causes, and pathophysiological mechanisms related to edema, effusion, shock, and thrombus formation.

What is edema?

Abnormal and excessive accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissue space.

Define effusion.

Abnormal and excessive accumulation of fluid in body cavities.

What are the main causes of edema?

1. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure 2. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure 3. Lymphatic obstruction 4. Sodium and water retention 5. Increased capillary permeability.

What is the pathogenesis of cardiac edema?

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure due to congestive heart failure leads to fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces.

Differentiate between transudate and exudate.

Transudate: low protein content, few cells; Exudate: high protein content, may contain white cells.

What are the types of edema?

1. Cardiac edema 2. Renal edema 3. Generalized edema 4. Localized edema.

What is the role of plasma oncotic pressure in edema?

Decreased plasma oncotic pressure can lead to more fluid leaking into interstitial tissue, resulting in edema.

Describe the pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock.

Hypovolemic shock occurs due to decreased blood volume, leading to inadequate perfusion of tissues and insufficient oxygen delivery.

What happens during septic shock?

Septic shock is caused by severe bacterial infections leading to systemic inflammatory response, vasodilatation, and hypoperfusion.

What are the major symptoms of cardiogenic shock?

1. Tachycardia 2. Hypotension 3. Oliguria 4. Altered mental state.

What is the Virchow's triad?

The three factors contributing to thrombus formation: 1. Endothelial injury 2. Altered blood flow 3. Hypercoagulable states.

What is the difference between red and white infarcts?

Red infarcts are caused by venous occlusion or in tissues with dual blood supply; white infarcts are caused by arterial occlusion in solid organs.