AP Euro Unit 2

The first major split of the Christian Church was in 1054 between the ___ and ___ churches.

Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox

In the 1500s, the Catholic Church participated in politics and became wealthy, which led to ___.

corruption

The Catholic Church’s corruption included ___—the buying and selling of Church offices, ___—the appointing of family and friends to church offices, and the sale of ___—offering a way for people to buy their salvation or their loved one out of purgatory.

simony, nepotism, indulgences

Martin Luther taught that salvation was by ___ alone through ___ and was not a result of good works.

grace, faith

Luther believed that ___ alone ought to be the sole authority of Christians, not the pope and Church ___. The Bible taught the priesthood of all believers, not a ___ of believers into sacred and secular realms.

Scripture, dogmas, hierarchy

Luther’s ___ criticized the corruption of the Church and called its leaders to reform. He didn’t intend for a new belief system, but to spark ___ among educated monks and priests.

95 Theses, discussion

While people before Luther called for reform, his timing allowed for the ___ to spread the 95 Theses quickly throughout the German states of the Holy Roman Empire.

printing press

When new interpretations of Scripture based on Luther’s teachings make it to officials, they denounced him as a ___. At his trial, the ___, the Church demanded his recantation.

heretic, Diet of Worms

When Luther was excommunicated, he went under the protection of his prince ___ III. He was one of many German princes who supported Luther, not because they were moved by his teachings, but because they knew that supporting him would weaken the ___’s and authority in turn they would have more ___.

Frederick, pope

Luther was the first reformer to have access to new ___ technology. He made use of all three of the major kinds of publications: books, broadsides, but especially ___.

printing, pamphlets

Luther preached in ___ instead of Latin, so ordinary people could understand his doctrines of grace.

German

Luther produced a ___ Bible in German which spread far and wide thanks to the printing press. When everyone could read the Bible, it helped to ___ Protestant doctrine.

vernacular, confirm

John Calvin was originally a follower of Luther, but they split over interpretations of the doctrine of ___.

salvation

Calvin was known for two major Protestant theological developments: ___, God had before the creation of the world decided who would and wouldn’t be saved, and the ___, those whom God elected to save had no choice in the matter and could never lose their salvation.

predestination, elect

Calvin said that a person knew they were part of the elect if they ___ salvation and their salvation led to ___.

desired, good works

Calvin taught that ___ could be a sign of salvation but was still governed by the law of love, meaning people were obligated to use their money to care for the poor. As a result, Calvin set up a welfare state in ___.

wealth, Geneva

In Calvin’s Geneva, the ___ was the law. Calvin controlled the population by teaching that it was the ___ who obeyed such rules, and everyone wanted to be part of the ___.

Bible, elect

Like Luther, Calvin benefitted from the ___. He laid down all of his idea in a volume called the ___, the first complete treatment of Reformation doctrines.

printing press, Institutes of the Christian Religion

As a result of the printing press enabling Calvin’s work to spread throughout Europe in order to proved the needed doctrinal order to Protestants churches. This gave rise to the ___ in France, ___ in England, and ___ in Scotland.

Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians

Anabaptists were separated by Lutheranism and Calvinism by the question of Baptism. Calvin and Luther agreed with Catholics on ___ Baptism, but Anabaptists believed in ___ Baptism because only they could truly affirm that they were believers.

infant, adult

Anabaptists were pacifists. They believed in absolute ___ of the church and state in order to put commitment to God first and refused to be conscripted for the ___ that their states got themselves into.

separation, wars

In the first half of the 1500s, most French people were ___, but over the century nearly half of French nobles became ___ and sought recognition and rights from the crown.

Catholic, Huguenots

In 1560, 11 year old Charles IX inherited the thrown, and due to his age his mother ___ ran the kingdom. She wanted to purge France of ___ and diminish the power of those nobles because if the whole country was singular in its religious allegiance, then localities would merge with political allegiance, creating a more ___ central government.

Catherine de Medici, Huguenots, powerful

In 1562, the Massacre of ___ began when members of the Catholic ___ family stormed a Huguenot worship service and began to kill them.

Vassy, Guise

In 1572, Charles IX’s sister married Huguenot Henry of Navarre from the ___ family, and he invited many prominent Huguenot to the wedding. Catherine de Medici organized a Huguenot massacre, known as the ___ Massacre, and Henry’s life was spared by promising to convert to Catholicism.

Bourbon, St. Bartholomew’s Day

In 1587, the War of the Three Henry’s broke out because three different Henrys were vying for the French throne. Henry ___ was Catholic, the king at the time, supported by his mother Catherine de Medici, but disliked. Henry ___ was Huguenot, leader of the Bourbon family, and married to Henry III’s sister. Henry ___ was Catholic and wanted to ensure only Catholics ruled France.

III, of Navarre, of Guise

The War of the Three Henry’s ended because Henry ___ and Henry ___ were assassinated, so Henry ___ took the throne under the name Henry ___.

III, of Guise, of Navarre, IV

In 1598, Henry IV took steps toward religious toleration by issuing the ___, which officially established France as ___ while also allowing ___ to worship without harassment.

Edict of Nantes, Catholic, Huguenot

The ___ established that individual rulers in the Holy Roman Empire could decide for themselves whether their people would be Catholic or Lutheran.

Peace of Augsburg

France was one unified states, while the Holy Roman Empire was made up of loosely confederated states with individual rulers. Like the Edict of Nantes, Charles V passed the ___ to end the empire’s religious squabbles and maintain ___ over the state.

Peace of Augsburg, power

Calvinist ruler Frederick I challenged the Catholic absolutism of Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II, leading to the ___ War

30 Years’

Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire broke the ___ by shutting down Lutheran churches in the Bohemia region. As a result, angry Protestants threw Ferdiand’s officials out of the window of a castle, which is known as the ___.

Peace of Augsburg, Defenestration of Prague

The first phase of the 30 Years’ War was the ___ Phase, a small localized war between the Protestant Union and Catholic League. Ferdinand defeated Frederick at the Battle of White Mountain and reestablished ___ in many states.

Bohemian, Catholicism

The second phase of the 30 Years’ War was the ___ Phase. The Protestant king of Denmark led attacks against tthe Catholics. This phases represented the war transforming for a localized conflict to a ___ war. The King of Denmark was defeated.

Danish, transnational

The third phase of the 30 Years’ War was the ___ Phase. It marks the point at which the war extended beyond the ___’s borders and became a proper European war. King Gustavus Adolphus organized the Protestant cause and scored major victories.

Swedish, Holy Roman Empire

Major funding for the Protestant cause came from Cardinal Richelieu of ___. This shows that the 30 Years’ war evolved from a purely religious conflict to a more ___ conflict.

France, political

The ___ ruled Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, who France loathed and saw any chance to diminish their power. This is why despite being Catholic, France supported the ___ in the 30 Years’ War.

Habsburgs, Protestants

The fourth and final phase of the 30 Years’ War was the ___ phase. The French used the war as an excuse to fight with the ___ so that they would not rebound from Protestant defeats.

French, Habsburgs

In 1648, the ___ ended the 30 Years’ War and marked a turning point in European history as it effectively marked the end of all of Europe’s ___.

Peace of Westphalia, religious wars

The Peace of Westphalia amended the Augsburg agreement to include ___ as a legitimate faith, made the Holy Roman Emperor [weak/strong] and rulers of individual state [weak/strong]—which would lead to the empire’s decline, and officially marked the end of the medieval idea of universal Christendom; after this the church was clearly forever ___.

Calvinism, weak, strong, divided

The [Counter/Catholic] Reformation focused on changing the Church, while the [Counter/Catholic] Reformation focused on converting people back.

Catholic, Counter

Pope Paul III established the ___, which gave the Church the authority to arrest and execute heretics. The Church also issued the ___, a list of books that taught heretical doctrines such as worked by Christian humanist Erasmus and several Protestant reformers.

Roman Inquisition, Index of Prohibited Books

The most significant act of the Catholic Reformation was the ___. Officials met to ___ the Church and forge some reconciliation with Protestants.

Council of Trent, reform

The Council of Trent made some steps in reforming in the Church but failed to reconcile with Protestants and permanently cemented the divide in Christianity. It suppressed ___ and forbade the sale of ___, but reaffirmed doctrines like celibacy of the ___, ___ during Holy Communion, equal authority of the ___ and scriptures, and more.

simony, indulgences, clergy, transubstantiation, pope

The Church was able to experience some renewal after the Protestant Reformation with the establishment of new religious ___ like the Carmelite Nuns and Jesuits.

orders

St. Teresa of Avila established the Carmelite Nuns, founded numerous ___, and brought the order back to a ___ form of the faith that emphasized asceticism and poverty.

convents, stricter

Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits for the purpose of spiritual ___. Members took vows of ___ and chastity and established ___ and ___ efforts all over the world.

renewal, poverty, schools, missionary

Class was originally established at ___ by one’s wealth and family, but with the rise of the merchant elite, movement upward became a possibility.

birth

Even with the rise of the merchant elite, land ownership still held some prestige. In the English Parliament was reserved for citizens with ___ and the lower was for those without it.

landed

Religious beliefs could be associated with social status because they could lead to persecution if they didn’t align with that of the ___. For instance, Huguenots were slaughtered in ___ and Jews and Muslims were expelled from the ___.

government, France, Iberian Peninsula

Europe was a ___, or a male dominated society, so women were largely excluded from economic and political life. In ___ households, however, men and women were more equal, though there were separate roles they each fulfilled.

patriarchy, rural

The Renaissance and Reformation raised debates about women’s proper role in society. People pondered if women were fit to receive a university education. Some thought that women were inferior, but others stated it was because ___ was withheld from them. ___ was educated and a strong ruler as a female.

education, Elizabeth I

In Catholicism, women could contribute to the community by becoming ___. Calvin and Luther taught that the wife should model ___ to her husband. Anabaptists gave women positions of ___.

nuns, obedience, authority

Both Catholic and Protestant leaders believed ___ was evidence of a pact with the Devil and attributed common ___ and unfortunate events to it.

witchcraft, illness

People believed the Devil was in league with witches to overthrow Christianity, setting the stage for a ___.

witch hunt

Women were believed to not be as morally ___ as men, so majority of the 40-60k people executed between the 16th and 17th centuries were women.

strong

During the witch hunts, the Holy Roman Empire had just finished the 30 years’ war and attempted to regain some control over their lives by using women as ___.

scapegoats

In ___, artists made use of distorted figures, large musculature, and vibrant color to communicate deep ___ and drama.

mannerism, emotion

A lasting piece of the Counter Reformation, ___ art was extravagant in form, ornate, detailed in style, and highly emotional in order to inspire awe and piety in the masses and contrast simplistic Protestant art.

Baroque

Local and church authorities used ___ punishment and humiliation to keep the populations from violating legal and ___ norms. ___ restrained the head, arms, and feet in blocks of wood in the center of town or people were ___ with a cane or whip.

public, societal, stocks, flogged

With the rise of capitalism, a new culture of ___ was on the rise. During free time, people attended ___ sports. ___’s Days festivities drew huge crows for celebrations according to the Church calendar.

leisure, blood, Saint

Since ___ was a season of fasting and penance, people celebrated ___ by getting drunk, dancing, and dressing up as people in authority for days prior.

Len, Carnival

Because Carnival was motivated by the Catholic doctrine of penance during Lent, some ___ leaders attempted to make laws restricting the excess of Lent.

Protestant