Acc Bio Final study

What is diffusion/simple diffusion?

A passive transport process where molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without requiring energy.

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moving from a high concentration of water to a low concentration.

What is selective permeability?

A property of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.

What is osmotic pressure?

The pressure that develops when water moves across a semipermeable membrane from high to low water concentration, essential for maintaining cell volume and water balance.

What is turgor pressure?

Hydrostatic pressure exerted by fluid within a cell against its cell wall, mainly due to osmotic flow of water into the cell.

What is plasmolysis?

The shrinking of a plant cell’s cytoplasm away from its cell wall due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.

What is cytolysis?

The swelling of a cell that could lead to it exploding.

What does hypertonic mean?

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

What does hypotonic mean?

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

What does isotonic mean?

A situation where the concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell.

What is phagocytosis?

The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles or food by surrounding them with its membrane.

What is pinocytosis?

The process where a cell takes in fluid that contains nutrients by engulfing it in a membrane pocket.

What is endocytosis?

The process through which cells take in materials, requiring energy, including types such as phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

What is exocytosis?

The process where a cell expels materials out of itself, requiring energy.

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A form of endocytosis that depends on receptors to allow certain substances entry into the cell.

What is a solute?

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

What is a solvent?

The substance that does the dissolving.

What is concentration in reference to solutions?

The amount of solute present in a given volume of solvent or solution.

What is facilitated diffusion?

A type of passive transport that uses transport proteins to help move substances across a membrane.

What is active transport?

The process where cells use energy to move substances across membranes against their concentration gradient.

What is passive transport?

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without using energy, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

What is crenation?

The process of a red blood cell undergoing plasmolysis.

What are carrier proteins?

Proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane.

What are channel proteins?

Proteins that provide a passageway for substances to move across a membrane.

What are cell recognition proteins?

Proteins that help the immune system identify invading pathogens.

What are receptor proteins?

Proteins that change shape when a specific molecule binds to them, causing a cellular response.

What are enzymatic proteins?

Proteins that perform metabolic reactions directly within the plasma membrane.

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$ The purpose is to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{energy (ATP)}$ The purpose is to break down glucose to release energy.

How does sexual reproduction relate to biodiversity?

It increases biodiversity by combining genetic material from two parents, producing unique offspring.

What is interphase in the cell cycle?

The phase consisting of G₁, S, and G₂, where the cell grows, performs normal functions, and prepares for mitosis.

What occurs during the G₁ phase of the cell cycle?

Cell growth and performance of normal physiological functions.

What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA replication.

What occurs during the G₂ phase of the cell cycle?

Preparation for mitosis.

What is the M phase?

The phase that includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).

What are the major events during prophase of mitosis?

Chromosome condensing, nuclear envelope breaking down, and spindle formation.

What are the major events during metaphase of mitosis?

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.

What are the major events during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell.

What are the major events during telophase of mitosis?

Nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes, which begin to decondense.

What is the significance of maintaining a constant chromosome number during mitosis?

To ensure that daughter cells receive the correct number of chromosomes.

How does the disruption of the cell cycle relate to cancer?

Abnormal cell cycle regulation can lead to uncontrolled cell division, resulting in tumors.

How does meiosis result in the formation of haploid cells?

Through two rounds of division, meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.

Why is meiosis important for fertilization?

It produces gametes that combine to form a diploid zygote during fertilization.

What is a zygote?

The fertilized egg formed by the union of sperm and egg.

What is a pedigree chart?

A diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes in a family to determine genotypes.

What is Mendel's law of segregation?

The principle stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation.

What is Mendel's law of independent assortment?

The principle stating that alleles for different traits are inherited independently.

What is evolutionary evidence?

Examples like fossil evidence, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography that support evolutionary theory.

What is directional selection in natural selection?

A type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over others.

What is stabilizing selection?

Natural selection that favors intermediate phenotypes.

What is disruptive selection?

Natural selection that favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of a spectrum.

What is Lamarck's theory?

The idea that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime; it contrasts with Darwin's natural selection.

What is reproductive isolation?

The inability of different species to reproduce successfully.

What role does geographic isolation play in speciation?

It prevents gene flow between populations, leading to the evolution of new species.

How does evolution through natural selection affect biodiversity?

It leads to changes in genetic diversity within populations, influencing adaptation and survival.