Final Lab Practical Study Guide BSC 1011C

What are mycelia composed of?

Hyphae

What is the clade of Allomyces?

Chytridiomycota

What common characteristic do Chytridiomycota share?

Flagellated spores (Zoospores)

Allomyces gametophyte

Male gametangium

Produces male gametes (sperm cells) and typically smaller in size compared to female gametangia.

Female gametangium

Produces female gametes (egg cells) and typically larger and more prominent than male gametangia.

Mycelia

Interconnected network of hyphae

Allomyces sporophyte

How do you differentiate Allomyces gametophyte from Allomyces sporophyte?

The gametophyte's male gametangium looks like a little cap

Allomyces sporophyte

Sporangia

A capsule in fungi in which haploid spores develop.

Mycelia

Interconnected network of hyphae

What is the clade of Rhizopus stolonifer and Pilobolus

Zygomycetes

What common characteristic do Zygomycetes share?

Resistant zygosporangiumas sexual stage

Common name for Rhizopus stolonifer

black bread mold

Rhizopus stolonifer

Rhizoids

Thread-like structures anchoring the fungus to substrates for support and absorption of water and nutrients. Stem-like

Stolon

Horizontal hyphal strands connecting different colonies of the fungus, facilitating the spread and colonization of new areas.

Sporangiophore

Specialized hyphal structure that holds the sporangium, elevating it for better spore dispersal.

Sporangium

Structure within which spores are produced and stored before release.

Zygosporangium

A thick-walled structure formed from the fusion of specialized hyphae during sexual reproduction, providing protection for the dormant zygospores.

Spores

Reproductive cells capable of developing into new fungi under suitable conditions.

Hyphea

Thread-like filaments constituting the vegetative body of the fungus, responsible for nutrient absorption, growth, and expansion.

Suspensor Cell

A specialized cell attached to the spore, aiding in its dispersal.

Pilobolus

Sporangium:

Structure within which spores are produced and stored before release.

Sporangiophore

Specialized hyphal structure that holds the sporangium, elevating it for better spore dispersal.

Vesicle

A swollen, often rounded structure at the tip of certain fungal hyphae, involved in the production and storage of spores or reproductive cells.

What clade does Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Peziza, Morchella and Pennicilium belong to

Ascomycetes

What common characteristic do Ascomytes share?

Sexual spores (ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci; ascomycetes also produce vast numbers of asexual spores (conidia)

Common name for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker's Yeast

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The little red balls are Asci, and the little brown balls in the lower right corner are the ascospores

Peziza apothecium

Hymenial layer

The layer within the fruiting body of a fungus where the reproductive structures, such as asci or basidia, are found.

Ascus with ascospores

A sac-like structure found in the ascomycete fungi that contains and releases ascospores, the sexual spores produced during sexual reproduction.

Ascocarp

The fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus, often containing the hymenial layer and developing from the mycelium, serving as a reproductive structure.

Morchella

Ascocarp

The fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus, often containing the hymenial layer and developing from the mycelium, serving as a reproductive structure.

Apothecia

Cup-shaped ascocarps with exposed hymenium found in some ascomycetes, allowing for the dispersal of ascospores.

Stipe

A stalk-like structure that supports the cap or fruiting body of some fungi, such as mushrooms, often extending from the substrate or the center of the ascocarp.

Penicilium (Visual Specimen)

P. chrysogenum (P. notatum)

Penicilium

Conidia

Asexual spores produced by fungi through a process called conidiation, typically serving as a means of dispersal and reproduction.

Conidiophore

Specialized hyphal structure found in fungi that produces and bears conidia, often arising from the mycelium or aerial hyphae.

What clade is Coprinus a part of?

Basidiomycetes

What common characteristic do Basidiomycetes share?

Elaborate fruiting body (basidiocarp)containing many basidia that producesexual spores (basidiospores)

Mushroom

Gills

Thin, parallel, blade-like structures found on the underside of the cap (pileus) of some mushrooms, bearing the reproductive structures (basidia) that produce and release spores.

PIleus

The cap-like structure of a mushroom, which typically covers and protects the gills or other reproductive structures, often expanding as the mushroom matures.

Stipe

A stalk-like structure that supports the cap or fruiting body of some fungi, such as mushrooms, often extending from the substrate or the center of the ascocarp.

Veil

A membrane-like structure that initially covers and protects the developing gills or other reproductive structures beneath the pileus of certain mushrooms.

Annulus

A ring-like structure that forms on the stipe of some mushrooms, often as a remnant of the veil, serving various functions such as protecting the gills or aiding in spore dispersal.

Mushroom Gill

Basidia

Club-shaped reproductive structures found on the gills (or other spore-bearing surfaces) of basidiomycete fungi. Basidia produce and bear basidiospores through meiosis, contributing to the dispersal and reproduction of the fungus.

Gills

Thin, parallel, blade-like structures found on the underside of the cap (pileus) of some mushrooms, bearing the reproductive structures (basidia) that produce and release spores.

Basidiospore

Spores produced by basidia through the process of meiosis. Basidiospores are typically forcibly discharged from the basidia and are responsible for the dispersal and reproduction of basidiomycete fungi.

Coprinus

Same terminology from mushroom transfers over (Coprinus is a genus of a mushroom species)

What is a Fungal Symbionts

Fungal symbionts are fungi that form mutually beneficial relationships with other organisms, such as plants or algae, exchanging nutrients and services for resources or protection.

Lichen

Crustose: Lichens with a crust-like growth form that adhere tightly to the substrate, often appearing flat or slightly raised. (Flat crusty)

Foliose: Lichens with a leaf-like growth form, typically consisting of lobes or leaf-like structures that are loosely attached to the substrate. (Leafy)

Fruticose: Lichens with a branching or upright growth form, resembling small shrubs or bushes.(3-D)

Pendant fruticose: Fruticose lichens that hang downward like small branches, often found in pendant or hanging formations.(3-D, hanging)

Fungi Table

What clade are Spongilla, Grantia, commercial bath sponge, Leucosolenia and Euplectella a part of?

Porifera

What are Porifera known for?

Sponges are sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes

Spongilla

Freshwater Sponge

Gemmules

Specialized reproductive structures containing a cluster of cells surrounded by a protective layer of spicules. They serve as a means of asexual reproduction, allowing sponges to survive harsh environmental conditions by forming dormant stages that can later develop into new individuals.

Grantia

Marine Sponge

Grantia Slide

Spongocoel

Central cavity within a sponge's body. It is lined with choanocytes and serves as a chamber for water circulation.

Incurrent Canal

These are the canals through which water enters the sponge's body. They bring in water containing food particles and oxygen.

Radial Canal

Channels that extend from the spongocoel into the body of the sponge. They distribute water from the incurrent canals to the choanocyte-lined chambers.

Choanocytes

Specialized cells found lining the interior of sponges. They have a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli which creates water currents to trap food particles and help with gas exchange.

Collar Cells

Common name for Choanocytes

Ostium

Small pores on the surface of sponges through which water enters the sponge's body. They are connected to the incurrent canals.

Mesohyl

Gelatinous matrix that fills the space between the outer and inner layers of a sponge's body. It contains various types of cells, including amoeboid cells and skeletal elements like spicules.

Grantia Spicules

Sharp, calcium carbonate structure in the mesohyl which form the skeletalfibers of the sponge (CaCO₃)

Commercial Sponge

Marine

Ostia

Small pores on the surface of sponges through which water enters the sponge's body. They are connected to the incurrent canals.

Osculum

Large opening in a sponge's body through which water exits after passing through the choanocyte-lined chambers and the spongocoel. It serves as the exit for water containing waste and carbon dioxide.

Leucoslenia

Marine

Leucoslenia

Marine

Osculum

Large opening in a sponge's body through which water exits after passing through the choanocyte-lined chambers and the spongocoel. It serves as the exit for water containing waste and carbon dioxide.

Leucoslenia Spicules

Sharp, calcium carbonate structure in the mesohyl which form the skeletalfibers of the sponge (CaCO₃)

Euplectella

Marine

What clade are Aurelia, Hydra, Obelia, Physalia and Metridium all a part of?

Cnidaria

What are Cnidaria known for?

Radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes

What group of Cnidaria are Aurelia, Hydra, Obelia, Physalia and Metridium all a part of?

Medusozoa

What is the group Medusozoa known for?

Have a medusa stage in their life cycle, which is typically free-swimming and umbrella-shaped. Aurelia and Physalia belong to this group.

What group of Medusozoa are Obelia, Physalia, and Hydra a part of?

Hydrozoa

Hydrozoa

Most __________ alternate polyp and medusa forms in the life cycle although the polyp is the dominant stage. Some are colonial (e.g., Obelia, Physalia (Portuguese Man-O-War)), while others are solitary (e.g., Hydra)

What group of Medusozoa is Aurelia a part of?

Scyphozoa

Scyphozoa

Characterized by a dominant medusa stage in their life cycle

What group of Medusozoa is Metridium a part of?

Anthozoa

What is the group Anthozoa known for?

Lack a medusa stage in their life cycle and exist exclusively as polyps.

Aurelia Ephyra

Aurelia Planula

Aurelia Scyphistoma

Aurelia Strobila

Aurelia Ephyra

Marine

Rhopalium

Sensory structure found in jellyfish, comprising a cluster of sensory organs like statocysts and ocelli, aiding in balance and light detection.

Hydra

Freshwater

Gonads

Reproductive organs responsible for producing gametes in animals, typically located within the mesoglea of jellyfish, facilitating reproduction.