Final Lab Exam

Foramen Ovale

In the fetal development, the opening in fetal heart to bypass the nonfunctional lungs (right → left atrium)

Chordae Tendineae

Prevent the valves from prolapsing into the atria

Blood Flows (Veins → Arteries)

1. Superior/Inferior vena cava

2. Right atrium

3. Triscuspid valves

4. Right ventricle

5. Pulmonary vales

6. Pulmonary arteries

7. Lungs

8. Pulmonary veins

9. Left atrium

10. Bicuspid valve

11. Left ventricle

12. Aortic valve

13. Aorta

Heart Anatomy

• Left/right coronary artery

• Circumflex artery

• Anterior interventricular artery

• Coronary sinus

• Marginal artery

Pericardium

Outer layer wall that surrounds and protects the heart. The main function is to secrete pericardial fluid to reduce friction

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

The average pressure in the arteries during one complete cardiac cycle.

Pulse Pressure

• PP = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

• RR value: 120-80 = 40 mmHg

Cardiac Output

• Amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle to the body in 1 minute

• Heart rate * Stroke volume

Stroke Volume

• Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle for each contraction

• EDV (amount of blood ventricle hold) - ESV (amount of blood remained after contraction)

Conduction System Sequence

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node: where the heartbeat is initiated

2. Travels throughout atria and relays to AV node

3. Delays at AV node

4. Travels through AV bundle to purkinje fibers

5. Spreads throughout both ventricles

EKG/ECG

Measure of electrical signals in depolarization and repolarization

• P wave: atrial depolarization, starts in SA node

• QRS: ventricular depolarization & atria repolarization

• T wave: ventricular repolarization

• P-Q segment: atrial charge plateau but cardiac muscle cells of atria are contracting

• S-T: ventricular charge plateau but cardiac muscle cells of ventricles are contracting

Pathway of Air

1. Nose

2. Nasal Cavity

3. Pharynx

4. Larynx

5. Trachea

6. Primary Bronchi

7. Secondary Bronchi

8. Tertiary Bronchi

9. Terminal Bronchioles

10. Respiratory

11. Bronchioles

12. Alveolar Ducts

13. Alveoli

Nasal Conchae

• Bony projections on the lateral walls of nasal cavity

• Provide turbulence to warm and humidify the air

Larynx

• The voice box

• Passage for air

• Food blockade

Spirometer

Instrument that measures the lung ventillation (how much air the lungs can hold and move)

Lungs

• 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) on the right side

• 2 lobes on the left side, missing middle lobe

Main Digestive Organs

• Oral cavity

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small & large intestines

Accessory Organs

• Liver

• Pancreas

• Teeth

• Tongue

• Gallbladder

Large Intestine/Colon

Stomach

Liver

Synthesize bile (emulsifies fat)

Gallbladder

Store bile

Amylase

Breaks down starch into maltose

Pepsin

Breaks down protein into polypeptides

Food Pathway

1. Pharynx

2. Esophagus

3. Stomach

4. Small intestine

5. Large Intestine

Kidney

• Filter blood

• Produce hormone: EPO, calcitriol

Nephron

• Microscopic functional units of kidney

• Filtration of blood

• Reabsorbs proteins, RBC, and glucose

Urine Pathway

1. Glomerulus

2. Bowman’s capsular space

3. Proximal convoluted tubule

4. Descending limb loop of Henle

5. Ascending limb loop of Henle

6. Distal convoluted tubule

7. Collecting duct

8. Renal papilla

9. Renal sinus

10. Ureters

11. Bladder

Urine Formation

• Filtration: substances from the blood move in the glomerulus into capsular space

• Tubular reabsorption: important substances return back to the blood

• Tubular secretion: waste substances secrete as tubular fluid

Urinary System

Meiosis

• Process where a single cell goes through 2 cell divisions to produce 4 cells

• From diploid (46 chromosomes) to haploid (23 chromosomes)

• 2 stage process meiosis I and II

• Crossing occurs in prophase I

• Becomes haploid at anaphase I

Oogenesis

• Meiosis process by which female gametes (eggs/ova) are produced

• Stop at prophase I, resume after puberty

• Stops at metaphase II, after fertilization meiosis II completes and produce 1 ovum

Spermatogenesis

• Meiosis process by which sperm cells are produced

• Primary spermatocytes: divide by mitosis

• Secondary spermatocytes: form through meiosis I

• Produce 4 equal, functional spermatids

Male Gametes Formation

• Occur in seminiferous tubules of testes

• Mature in the epididymis

• Pathway

  1. Seminiferous tubules

  2. Epididymis

  3. Vas deferens

  4. Ejaculatory duct

  5. Urethra

Female Gametes Formation

• Occurs in the ovaries

• Does not fully mature until ovulation and fertilization

• Pathway

  1. Ovary

  2. Fimbriae of uterine tube

  3. Fallopian tube (site of fertilization)

  4. Uterus

WBC