reproductive system

BIO 104

structure that secretes sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen) and produce gamates (sperm and ova)

gonads

sperm and egg cells fuse to form this cell

zygote

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the production of four genetically diverse gametes (sperm or ova).

meiosis

The tubules within the testes where sperm production occurs, with two cell types: spermatogenic cells and sustanticular cells

seminiferous tubes

Cells located in the testes between seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone and provide support for spermatogenesis.

interstitial cells

Cells that surround the seminiferous tubules that contract to move sperm and testicular fluid

myoid cells

site of sperm maturation and storage

epidiymis

recieves sperm from ductus defrens at the seminal vesicle; joins urethra in prostate gland

ejaculatory duct

3 parts of the external penis from proximal to distal

root, body, glans penis

spongy tissues in the penis that fill with blood during arousal, causing an erection.

erectile bodies

paired erectile bodies in the penis that fill with blood during arousal, playing a crucial role in achieving an erection.

corpora cavernosa

The erectile tissue surrounding the urethra in the penis, responsible for keeping the urethra open during erection.

corpus spongiosum

Glands that produce 60-70% of seminal fluid, nourishing and aiding in the transport of sperm during ejaculation

seminal vesicles

components of seminal fluid

frutose, prostaglandins, coagulating protiens, slightly alkaline fluid

A gland located below the bladder that surrounds the urethra, contributing to seminal fluid 20-30%

prostate

prostatic secretions include

citrate, prostate specific antigen PSA, antimicrobial chemicals

paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a pre-ejaculate fluid, providing lubrication and helping to neutralize acidity in the urethra; 5% semen volume

bulbourethral glands

the structure that divides the two sides of the scrotum, helping to support the testes.

midline septum

layer of smooth muscle in scrotum wall

dartos muscle

contains ductus defrens, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves returning to pelvic cavity

spermatic cord

smooth muscle that controls the height of the testes

cremaster muscle

when does spermatogenesis begin

during puberty

how many viable sperm are made in meiosis

Four spermatids are produced

cells that provide nutrients for dividing cells and produce inhibin to help regulate spermatogenesis.

sustenticular cells

what part of the sperm contains nuceus and chromosomes

head

what part of the sperm contains the mitochondria

midpiece

tail of the sperm

flagellum

is a hormone released from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland that stimulates FSH follicle stimulating hormone and LH luteinizing hormone

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone GnRH

hormone that stimulates sustenticular cells to release inhibin to regulate spermatogenesis

follicule-stimulating hormone FSH in males

luetenizing hormone LH in males

is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

when there are enough sperm cells how does the negative feedback loop work?

elevated testosterone and inhibin levels are sensed in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary,inhibin decreases secretion of GnRH and FSH, resulting in reduced spermatogenesis.

parasympathetic reflex in a male triggers the release of nitric oxide from blood vessles, arterioles dialate allowing for a large volume of blood to enter tissue

erection

non-aroused, relaxed state of the penis

flaccitity

process to expell semen from penis under sympathetic NS control in two stages: emission and expulsion

ejaculation

movement of semen into urethra

emission

semen pushes from urethra

espulsion

superficial region of the ovaries where oogenesis occurs in sac like follicles

ovarian cortex

inner region of the ovaries with blood , lymp and nerve vessels

ovarian medulla

ligament that connects ovary to pelvis

broad ligament

ligament that connects ovary to uterus

ovarian ligament

ligament that connects ovary to pelvic wall

suspensory ligament

proximal end of the uterine tubes that connects to the uterus

isthmus

distal end of the uterine tube connecting to the infundibulum

ampulla

opening at the distal end of the uterine tube

infundibulum

where does fertelization occur

uterine tube

rounded region of the uterus above the opening to uterine tubes

fundus

3 layers of the uterine wall from superficial to deep

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

rounded region on female external gentitalia overlying the pubic synthesis

mons pubis

pair of elongated protective skin folds on the female external gentinals

labia majora

pair of thinner skin folds under the labia major on female external genitals

labia minora