geo chapt 11/12/13

Annexation

The process of legally adding land area to a city.

Micropolitan Statistical Area

Urban areas with populations between 10,000 and 50,000, including the county and adjacent counties tied to the city.

Central City

An urban settlement legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

Urban Area

Consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs.

Megalopolis

A collection of adjacent or overlapping metro areas merging into a continuous urban region.

Central Business District (CBD)

Also known as downtown, it is the home to various types of services.

Concentric Zone Model

A model of urban land use developed by Burgess in 1923.

Sector Model

A model of urban land use developed by Hoyt in 1939.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model of urban land use developed by Harris and Ullman in 1945.

Galactic Model

A model of urban development proposed by Harris in 1960, emphasizing edge cities.

Informal Settlement

Housing areas with no legal claim to the land, often known as squatter settlements.

Smart Growth

Legislation and regulations aimed at limiting suburban growth and preserving farmland.

Density Gradient

The change in urban population density as one moves from the center of a city outward.

Suburb

A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city.

Gentrification

The process of converting an inner-city neighborhood from predominantly renter-occupied to owner-occupied by higher-income residents.

right to work law

A law that prohibits union security agreements between companies and labor unions.

new international division of labor

The shifting of jobs to lower-cost countries for manufacturing or services.

transport mode

Various methods of transport including trucks, trains, ships, and planes.

just in time delivery

A logistics strategy that helps manufacturers reduce inventory costs by receiving goods only as they are needed.

maquiladora

A manufacturing operation in Mexico that imports materials on a tariff-free basis for assembly.

bulk reducing industry

An industry where the final product weighs less than the inputs used to create it, reducing transportation costs.

bulk gaining industry

An industry where the final product gains weight or volume during the production process.

labor intensive

An industry where wages and labor costs comprise a large percentage of total expenses.

FORDIST production

A system of mass production that uses standardized parts and assembly line techniques.

capital

Financial assets used to start and operate a business.

outsourcing

The practice of hiring external firms to handle work that could be done internally.

the Industrial Revolution

A period of technological innovation that transformed manufacturing processes.

BRIC countries

Emerging economies including Brazil, Russia, India, and China.

offshore financial services

Financial services provided by banks or corporations outside the client's country, often to reduce tax obligations.

basic business

Businesses that produce goods or services for export and bring in income into an area.

threshold

The minimum market size necessary to make a service profitable.

central place theory

A geographical theory that seeks to explain the size and distribution of human settlements.

gravity model

A model that predicts the interaction between two places based on their sizes and distances.

consumer services

Services that provide direct benefits to individual consumers.

public services

Services provided by the government for the benefit of citizens.

economic base

The economic activities that provide employment and stimulate economic growth.

periodic markets

Markets that operate at specific intervals of time, often providing local goods.

nonbasic business

Businesses that provide services primarily for residents of a certain area.

food desert

Areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.

Bulk Reducing Industries

Industries that locate near their inputs to minimize transportation costs because their raw materials weigh more than the final products.

Bulk Gaining Industries

Industries that locate near their markets because their final products weigh more than the raw materials used.

Site Factors

Factors related to the location of a production site that affect the cost of production such as land, labor, and capital.

Situation Factors

Factors that relate to the location of a firm in relation to other businesses and resources.

Copper Industry Example

An example of a bulk reducing industry where the processes of mining, concentrating, smelting, and refining take place closer to the source of the raw material.

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support a service or business.

Range

The maximum distance that consumers are willing to travel to purchase a good or service.

Central Place Theory

A geographical theory that describes the size, number, and location of human settlements in a hierarchical manner.

Outsourcing

The practice of transferring certain production processes to external suppliers to reduce costs, significantly impacting manufacturing distribution.

BRICS

An acronym for the emerging economic powers Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, indicating countries with significant industrial growth.