Chapter 23 Infections of the Circulatory System and Lymphoid Symptoms

blood vessels

delivers oxygen, nutrients, immune system factors while removing waste products

does NOT typically contain bacteria

contains plasma RBCs and WBCs

sepsis

body temp of above 101 or below 96.8

rapid heartrate

increased respiratory rate

increases WBC count

leads to septic shock (tissue death and organ failure)

yellow fever

vectorbourne (mosquitoes)

severe cases cause jaundice

effects dendritic cells

predominantly in Mexico and Africa

zika

Vectorborne (mosquitos) and vertical transmission

leads to microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome

ebola

“dry phase”→ fever, weakness, sore throat

“wet phase”→ bloody cough, bloody diarrhea, bloody vomit

spreads by contact with bodily fluids

attacks macrophages and dendritic cells; attacks all tissue types

Epstein-Barr virus

causes mononucleosis

transmitted via infected body fluids (saliva)

can lead to Burkitt’s lymphoma (latent infection of B cells) present with malaria

retroviruses

use reverse transcriptase to convert RNA genome to DNA during infection

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

diagnosed as AIDS when T helper cells drop below 200 cells/mm

acute infection= viral multiplication occurring

seroconversion window

period after someone gets infected with HIV but before the body has made enough antibodies to show on a test

antiretroviral therapy (ART)

must be taken the rest of your life

2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors + 1 other drug

pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

2 drugs taken daily by an HIV-negative person who is with an HIV positive partner

post-exposure vaccine (PEP)

prevent HIV after exposure, must be taken within 2 hours of exposure, 28-day course of 3 drugs

bacteremia

the presence of bacteria in circulating blood

plague

Yersinia pestis (gram neg)

pneimoniae plague→ affects lungs

bubonic plague→ affects lymph system

Septemic plague → bacteria in blood

bacterial endocarditis

strep viridians

inflammation of the heart lining

can result in heart failure; causes heart murmur

treated with intravenous vancomycin or teicoplanin w/ gentamicin

prophylactic antibiotic therapy (treatment asap)

lyme disease

causes a bull’s-eye rash (erythema migrans)

treated w/ several weeks of doxycycline or ceftriaxone

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

causes small red spots on extremities; treat w/ doxycycline within first 5 days of symptoms

candida

most common fungal pathogen

causes candidemia (candida in blood)

treated w/ doxycycline within first 5 days of symptoms

malaria

vectorborne, found in Africa

treated w/ chloroquine

vaccines have been recently approved

controlled by insecticides for mosquitoes, insecticide bed nets

uncomplicated malaria

cold, hot, sweating stages, episodes every 2-3 days

complicated malaria

accompanied by anemia (low O2 in blood)

occurs in young, immunocompromised, elderly, and pregnant individuals

plasmodium lifestyle

sporozoite (infectious stage) goes from mosquito to blood,

go to liver to mature to merozoites (infectious RBC)

burst and become gametocytes (transforms back to sporozoite)