PSY 120 Exam 4 Purdue

Aggression

Seeking to cause harm or pain to another person

Hostile aggression

Aggression motivated by feelings of anger with the intent to cause pain.

Instrumental aggression

Aggression motivated by achieving a goal and not necessarily intent to cause pain.

Evolutionary Theory of Aggression

Aggression serves an evolutionary purpose, aiding in survival by protecting resources and securing mates.

Bystander Effect

A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility is spread among all group members.

Social Exchange Theory

People weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships.

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

Love has three components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment.

companionate love

intimacy + commitment

consummate love

intimacy + passion + commitment

romantic love

passion + intimacy

empty love

commitment

Historial Development

Lillian Gilbreth: strove to find ways to increase productivity, studies efficiency improvements that reduced the number of motions required to perform a task and were applicable in the workplace, home and other areas, credited with the idea of putting shelves on the inside of refrigerator doors and foot pedal-operated garbage cans, investigated employee fatigue and time management stress

Unstructured

different questions for different candidates, questions are usually unspecified beforehand

Structured

same questions for every candidate, questions are prepared in advance, standardized rating system for each response, more effective at predicting subsequent job performance of the job candidate

Bona Fide Occupational Qualification

requirement of certain occupations for which denying an individual employment would otherwise violate the law, such as requirement concerning religion or sex

Theory X

people dislike work and avoid it, avoid responsibility, want to be told what to do, goals are achieved through rules and punishments

Theory Y

people enjoy work and find it natural, are more satisfied when given responsibility, want to take part in setting their own work goals, goals are achieved through enticements and rewards

Stress

Stimulus-based definition: Characterizes stress as a stimulus that causes certain reactions.

cognitive appraisal

mental process of interpreting whether a situation is threatening or manageable, 2 stages

Primary Appraisal

Judging whether a situation is threatening, challenging, or harmless.

Threat

stressor that could lead to harm/loss/negative consequences

Challenge

stressor that carrier the potential for gain/personal growth

Secondary Appraisal

Judging one's ability to cope with a stressor.

Eustress

Positive stress that can improve performance.

Distress

Negative stress that can decrease performance.

stress - physiological response

Bodily reactions (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating).

stress - cognitive response

Mental responses like worrying and focusing attention.

stress - behavioral response

Actions taken to deal with stress (e.g., seeking help, avoiding the situation).

Health Psychology

Focuses on how biology, psychology, and social factors influence health and illness.

perspectives on stress - Walter Cannon

Proposed the 'fight-or-flight' response to perceived threats.

Fight or Flight

set of physiological reactions that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat; produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

perspectives on stress - Hans Selye

Developed the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) — stages are Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Activates the body's fight-or-flight response.

GAS - Alarm reaction stage

the body's immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency, physiological reactions that provide energy to manage the situation

GAS - resistance stage

the body has adapted or readjusted to the stressor but remains alert and prepared to response (with less intensity), physiological reactions diminish

GAS - exhaustion stage

person can no longer adapt to the stressor (depletion of physical resources), physical wear takes its toll on the body's tissues and organs

Chronic Stressors

Ongoing stress (e.g., long-term illness).

Acute Stressors

brief events that sometimes continue to be experienced as overwhelming well after the event has ended (ex falling and breaking a leg)

Traumatic Events

situations involving exposure to actual or threatened death/serious injury (ex car accident)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A disorder that involves intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood, and hyperarousal after trauma.

Holmes and Rahe -

Measures stress load by ranking life events with Life Change Units (LCU), life events requiring significant change are stressful, whether they are desirable or undesirable

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Holmes and Rahe, used to assess amount of stress in people’s lives, a numerical estimate corresponding to how much readjustment they felt each event would require.

• Each life event has a score/life change unit (LCU) from 11 to 100, representing the perceived magnitude of life change they involve

Daily Hassles

Everyday minor events that annoy or upset people.

Psychophysiological Disorders

Physical diseases brought about or worsened by stress (e.g., hypertension, asthma, acne, heart disease).

Immune System

Body's defense against disease.

Autoimmune Disease

Immune system attacks the body's own healthy cells.

Immunosuppression

Decreased effectiveness of the immune system, more susceptible to diseases

telomeres

segments of DNA that protect the ends of chromosomes

Stress and Aging - Telomeres

Chronic stress can shorten telomeres, the protective caps on chromosomes, accelerating aging. Shortened telomeres can inhibit/block cell division, which includes growth and proliferation of new cells, leading to more rapid aging

Heart disease

cardiovascular disorder, leading cause of death, linked to stress.

Hypertension

risk factor for heart disease, high blood pressure, caused by stressors

Negative Affectivity

Tendency to experience negative emotions and moods.

Friedman and Rosenman (1974)

Discovered that people who are prone to heart disease tend to think, feel, and act differently than those who are not, Found that heart disease is over seven times more frequent among Type As

Type A

Competitive, driven, impatient, and hostile personality

Type B

Relaxed and easy-going personality

Depression and Heart Disease

Depression is a risk factor for heart disease, increases likelihood of unhealthy behavior

Problem-focused coping:

Lazarus and Folkman (1984), individual attempts to manage or alter the problem that is causing stress, proactively addressing problem

Emotion-focused coping

Lazarus and Folkman (1984), efforts to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress

Perceived Control

Belief about the extent to which one can influence outcomes, affects health and happiness

Learned Helplessness

Seligman, believing you have no control over outcomes, leading to passive behavior.

stress reduction: biofeedback

use electronic equipment to measure a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and antinomic) activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes

stress reduction: exercise

reduces stress and increase resistance to adverse effects of stress

Psychopathology

Study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, causes, and treatment.

Psychological Disorder

Condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are atypical, dysfunctional, or dangerous

Harmful Dysfunction

Mental disorder results when internal mechanisms fail to perform their natural function, causing harm.

Cultural Expectations

Social norms and culture influence whether behavior is seen as normal or disordered, violating cultural expectations is not enough by itself to identify a psychological disorder

American Psychological Association (APA) Definition

A disorder involves significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors outside of cultural norms

Diagnosis

Labeling a set of symptoms as a particular disorder.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

Standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals.

Diagnostic Features

Core symptoms that must be present for a diagnosis, overview of the disorder

Diagnostic Criteria

Specific symptoms/guidelines for diagnosing disorders.

Prevalence

Proportion of a population found to have a disorder.

Comorbidity

Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in one person.

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

Global system for recording diagnoses (more medical focus than DSM-5).

Supernatural Perspectives

psychological disorders attributed to a forced beyond scientific understandinge, belief that disorders are caused by possession, witchcraft, or spirits.

Biological Perspective

Disorders are linked to genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities.

Psychosocial Perspective

Disorders arise from a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Disorders result from an underlying predisposition for a disorder/vulnerability (diathesis) plus environmental stress.

anxiety disorders

Characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior, more common in women

Fear

an instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat

Anxiety

apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger or other negative content, motivates us to take action

acrophobia

fear of heights

aerophobia

fear of flying

arachnophobia

fear of spiders

claustrophobia

fear of enclosed spaces

agoraphobia

avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences a panic attack

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

Extreme fear of social situations due to fear of embarrassment or judgment.

SAD - Safety behaviors

mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes

Behavioral Inhibition

a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations

Panic Disorder

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks

Panic attack

a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

Obsessions

persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant and distressing

Compulsions

repetitive and ritualistic acts, typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

involves thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

involves a preoccupation with a perceived flaw in the individual's physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people

Hoarding Disorder

involves great difficulty in discarding possessions, regardless of how valueless/useless they are, usually resulting in an accumulation of items that clutter living or work areas

PTSD

exposed to, witnessed, or experienced the details of a traumatic experience

PTSD Risk Factors

Trauma severity, lack of support, additional stress, genetic predisposition. economic hardship, female,