Carbohydrates and Lipids -(Organic/Biological Chemistry)

Carbohydrates group

The group of biochemical molecules that include sugars, starches, and cellulose

Carbohydrates

Molecules, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio (provides nutrients to the cells of living organisms)

General formula for carbohydrates

C_m(H₂O)_n

Photosynthesis

Carbohydrates are produced by plants through this process

Cellulose

Provide structure and support for plants

Starch

Stores energy in plants

Plant-derived food

Carbohydrates provide nearly all the energy that is available to these plants

Saccharides

Greek word for sugar— another word for carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate

A single monosaccharide

Contains three to seven carbon atoms

Monosaccharide compounds taste

Sweet-tasting; white solids in room temperature

Why monosaccharides are sweet

They contain -OH, polar hydroxl, groups in their molecular structures and are soluble in water

Most common monosaccharide

Glucose (also called dextrose and fructose)

Structural formula of glucose

Made up of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

Structural formula of fructose

In water solutions; forms a ring of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

Most abundant monosaccharide in nature

Glucose— also the most important monosaccharide nutritionally

The carbohydrates we eat,

Are broken down into glucose, which may be used immediately by cells or stored in the liver

Glycogen

Glucose that is stored in the liver for later use

Fructose (fruit sugar)

Found in mostly fruits, honey, and corn syrup

The sweetest naturally occuring sugar,

Fructose is sweeter than table sugar

Fructose is not insulated by

Insulin, as glucose, it doesn’t trigger the release of the hormone leptin that causes us to feel 'full’

Disaccharide

A sugar that consists of two monosacchride unites that are joined together

Dissaccharides have polar hydroxyl groups

In their molecular structures (they are therefore, soluble)

Sucrose

Forms when a glucose molecule bonds to a fructose molecule

Where commercially available sugar comes from

Sugar cane or sugar beets

Another important disaccharide

Lactose

What lactose is made up of

Galactose and glucose (sugars)

Human milk

7% to 8% lactose

Cow milk

4% to 5% lactose

Condensation reaction

A reaction in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine

Longer chain polysaccharide and disaccharides

Can be broken down into smaller sugar units by hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substance

Sucrose undergoes hydrolysis reaction

Undergoes it with water to form glucose and fructose

Lactose intolerance

When some people do not produce the enzyme needed to break down the milk sugar in dairy products

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate made up of long chains of simple sugars

Polymers of glucose

Cellulose, starch, and glycogen (contain many glucose monomer units)

Lipid

A type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water, has a high percentage of C and H atoms, and is soluble in nonpolar solvents

Fatty acids

Consist of a long, nonpolar hydrocarbon ‘tail’ and a polar carboxylic acid functional group at the ‘head’

Simplest lipid molecules and why they are the simplest

Fatty acids; they have hydrophilic polar heads but their hydrocarbon chains make them insoluble in water

Saturated fatty acids

Have no carbon— carbon double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids

Have one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Triglycerides

Fats and oils that make up the most common group of lipids in your diet

Saponification

When a fat combines with NaOH, an acid-base reaction, and a salt and water form

Soap

Salt formed from saponification and consists of the long carboxylic acid chain anion and sodium ion as the cation

Saponifiable lipids

Lipids that react with a base to form soap (includes fats, oils, and fatty acids)

Compound saponifiable lipids

Play an important role in biochemical processes (structurally similar to trigycerides)

Phospholipids

Compounds saponifiable lipids and are the main structural component of cell membranes

Phospholipids arrangement

Arranged in a bilayer, or double layer, at the surface of the cell

Hydrophlic heads of the phospholipids

On the outside surfaces of the bilayer

Nonsaponifiable lipids

Nonpolar compounds that do not form soap (such as steroids, many vitamins, and bile acids)

Cholesterol

A steroid present in animal cell membranes and is a precursor of many hormones