sts

Science

A systematic and methodological activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation and experimentation.

Etymology of Science

Derived from the Latin word 'Scientia', meaning 'knowledge'.

Scope of Science

Encompasses the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.

Nature of Science

Modern science involves both discovery and invention, relying on technical developments to devise new research techniques.

Technology

The application of practical knowledge, methods, systems, and devices derived from scientific knowledge for human benefit.

Etymology of Technology

Derived from the Greek words 'techne' (art/skill) and 'technologia' (systematic treatment).

Technological Tools

Devices or instruments that augment human senses or physical abilities to increase their capability.

Society

A community of interacting individuals sharing a common culture, often unified by ethnicity, shared beliefs, or social norms.

STS (Science, Technology, and Society)

The interdisciplinary study of how social, political, and cultural values influence scientific research and technological innovation, and vice versa.

Primary Function of STS

To provide the means, objects, and analytical frameworks required to improve overall quality of life.

Historical Origin of STS

Emerged during the Interwar period when historians and scientists began examining the interconnections between scientific knowledge, technological development, and social context.

Key Objectives of STS

To critically examine scientific and technological realities and cultivate reflective knowledge for ethical decision-making.

Societal Benefits of Science and Technology

Enhanced access to education, time and cost savings, and major advancements in communication, transportation, and healthcare.

Negative Impacts of Technology

Environmental degradation, overexploitation of natural resources, and complex ethical dilemmas such as those in genetic engineering.

Ancient Wheel

A mechanical innovation developed by the Sumerians to facilitate heavy transport and trade.

Papyrus Paper

A writing surface developed in ancient Egypt around 3000 BC from river plants to record information.

Shaduf

An ancient Egyptian lever-based irrigation tool used to lift water from rivers onto agricultural land.

Antikythera Mechanism

An ancient Greek mechanical device attributed to Archimedes, used to calculate and track astronomical positions.

Aeolipile

An early steam-powered rotating sphere invented by Hero of Alexandria.

Sundial

An ancient timekeeping instrument designed by Hero of Alexandria that indicates time using the shadow cast by the sun.

Heavy Plough

A sturdy agricultural tool developed in medieval Europe to turn dense, fertile clay soils.

Gunpowder

An explosive chemical mixture invented by Chinese alchemists around 850 AD for fireworks and military weapons.

Paper Money

A lightweight medium of exchange introduced in China around the 9th to 17th centuries to replace cumbersome metal coinage.

Mechanical Clock

A gear-driven timekeeping device developed in medieval Europe to track time with continuous precision.

Compound Microscope

An optical instrument utilizing multiple lenses for high magnification, invented by Hans and Zacharias Janssen.

Telescope

An optical device using lenses or mirrors to observe distant celestial objects, pioneered by Hans Lippershey and Galileo Galilei.

Jacquard Loom

A mechanized loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard that used punched cards to weave complex textile patterns.

Baird Televisor

An early mechanical television apparatus created by John Logie Baird to transmit moving broadcast images.

Engine-Powered Airplane

The first motorized heavier-than-air aircraft capable of controlled human flight, built by Orville and Wilbur Wright.

Geocentric Model

An astronomical model refined by Claudius Ptolemy positing that the stationary Earth is at the center of the universe.

Heliocentric Model

An astronomical model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus asserting that the Sun is at the center of the solar system with Earth orbiting it.

Core Principles of the Darwinian Revolution

Variation, overproduction, competition, natural selection (survival of the fittest), and inheritance.

Psychoanalysis

A psychological theory and therapeutic method founded by Sigmund Freud that aims to bring unconscious thoughts and desires into conscious awareness.

Freud's Three Levels of Awareness

Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

Freud's Structural Model of Personality

Id, ego, and superego.

Information Revolution

The socioeconomic transition from industrial manufacturing to an economy powered by computing, telecommunications, and digital technology.

Key Pioneers of the Information Revolution

Babbage & Lovelace, Turing, Shannon, Noyce & Kilby, Jobs & Gates, and Berners-Lee.

Key Mesoamerican Civilizations

The Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations, renowned for their architectural, agricultural, and astronomical innovations.

Key Asian Inventions

The magnetic compass, gunpowder, papermaking, acupuncture, and advanced mathematical systems.

Notable Filipino Scientists

Abelardo Aguilar, Fe del Mundo, Rolando dela Cruz, and Aisa Mijeno.

Philippine Science Act of 1958

Legislation that established the National Science Development Board to integrate and coordinate scientific research in the Philippines.