sts

SCIENCE


  • A systematic and methodological activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation, or both.


| ETYMOLOGY

  • From latin “Scientia” meaning “knowledge".


| ITS SCOPE

  • Involves the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.


| ITS NATURE

  • Modern science is both a discovery and an invention (John Heilbron, 2003); science requires inventions to devise techniques.



TECHNOLOGY


  • The application of practical knowledge for the benefit of the human race, using methods, systems, and devices derived from scientific knowledge.


| ETYMOLOGY

  • From Greek “techne” (art & skill) and “technologia” (systematic treatment).


| TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS

  • Any tool that takes a human sense or ability and augments it to make it more powerful.



SOCIETY


  • A group of people who interact in a way that allows them to share a common culture (bound by ethnicity, race, gender, or shared beliefs, values, and activities).



STS


| STS STUDIES

  • The study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these in turn affect society, politics, and culture.


| FUNCTION

  • Provides the means, objects, and frameworks to achieve a better quality of life.


| HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

  • Developed as an academic field during the Interwar period (between WWI and the start of the Cold War ~1949), when historians and scientists began focusing on the interconnections among scientific knowledge, technology, and society.




| STS OBJECTIVES

  • Confront the realities of science and technology.


  • Instill reflective knowledge to encourage ethical decision-making and live a good life.



IMPORTANCE & BENEFITS IN DAILY LIFE


| EASY ACCESS TO INFORMATION & EDUCATION

  • Powered by modern devices and the internet.


| SAVES TIME & MONEY

  • Enables fast commuting and quick food preparation.


| ADVANCES IN COMMUNICATION

  • Leads to rapid, real-time information exchange.


| ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION

  • Results in greater mobility and efficient travel.


| ADVANCES IN MEDICINE

  • Leads to higher life expectancy and relief from human suffering.


| INDUSTRY & POLITICS

  • Drives economic growth, restructures social organization, and impacts political systems.



NEGATIVE IMPACTS & CONCERNS


| ENVIRONMENTAL EQUILIBRIUM DISRUPTION

  • Caused by polluting technologies, detrimental machinery, and depletion of natural resources.


| EXPLOITATION

  • Unmindful exploitation of nature for industrial gain.


| ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING

  • Issues surrounding advancements like cloning, recombinant DNA, and test-tube babies.


























I.1. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS



ANCIENT PERIOD


| ANCIENT WHEEL
(SUMERIANS)

Early transportation tool made for carrying heavy goods and moving carts.




| PAPER
(EGYPTIANS, 3000 BC)

Created using the papyrus plant to write and keep records.



| SHADUF
(EGYPTIANS)

 A simple lever tool used to lift water from rivers for farming.





| ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
(ARCHIMEDES / ANCIENT GREECE)

An early mechanical device used to track astronomical positions.



| AEOLIPILE
(HERON OF ALEXANDRIA, GREEK)

An early steam-powered spinning sphere.



| SUNDIAL
(HERON OF ALEXANDRIA, GREEK)

An ancient tool that uses the sun's shadow to tell time.








ANCIENT PERIOD


| HEAVY PLOUGH
(EUROPE)

A strong farming tool designed to turn heavy soil for agriculture.



| GUNPOWDER
(CHINESE ALCHEMISTS, 850 AD)

An explosive chemical mixture used for fireworks and weapons.



| PAPER MONEY
(CHINESE, 17TH CENTURY AD)

Lightweight paper currency used to replace heavy metal coins.




| MECHANICAL CLOCK

A gear-driven device created to measure and track time accurately.




| SPINNING WHEEL
(INDIA, 6TH-11TH CENTURY AD)

A hand tool used to spin fiber into yarn quickly






.











          MODERN AGES


| COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
(HANS JANSSEN & ZACHARIAS JANSSEN)

Uses multiple lenses to magnify tiny objects.



| TELESCOPE
(HANS LIPPERSHEY & GALILEO GALILEO)

Uses lenses to view distant objects in space.



| JACQUARD LOOM
(JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD)

A machine that uses punch cards to weave complex fabric patterns.




| TELEVISION / BAIRD TELEVISOR
(JOHN LOGIE BAIRD)

An early device created to transmit moving images.




| ENGINE-POWERED AIRPLANE
(ORVILLE & WILBUR WRIGHT)

The first motorized aircraft designed for human flight.

I.2 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS PART 1 AND 2


COPERNICAN REVOLUTION


| GEOCENTRIC MODEL

Proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, stating the Earth is the stationary center of the universe.

| HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

Proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, stating the Sun is at the center and Earth revolves around it.

| KEY SUPPORTERS

  • Isaac Newton

  • Johannes Kepler

  • Galileo Galilei


DARWINIAN REVOLUTION


  • Species change naturally over time through evolution rather than being created unchanging. Co-discovered with Alfred Russel Wallace.

| CORE PRINCIPLES

  • VARIATION - Living things have different physical traits passed down by genes.

  • OVERPRODUCTION - Species produce more offspring than the environment can feed.

  • COMPETITION - Organisms fight for limited food and space.

  • SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST - Those with the best traits for their environment live longer and reproduce.

  • INHERITANCE - Helpful traits are passed to the next generation.


FREUDIAN REVOLUTION


| PSYCHOANALYSIS

  • A therapy created by Sigmund Freud that brings hidden, unconscious thoughts into awareness.

| 3 LEVELS OF AWARENESS

  • CONSCIOUS - Thoughts you are aware of right now.

  • PRECONSCIOUS - Past memories you can recall anytime.

  • UNCONSCIOUS - Hidden thoughts and feelings outside your awareness.

| 3 PARTS OF PERSONALITY

  • ID - Present from birth; driven purely by basic instincts and immediate pleasure (e.g., wanting food right now).

  • EGO - Driven by reality; balances the Id's desires so you act acceptably in the real world.

  • SUPEREGO -  Driven by morality; holds your sense of right and wrong learned from parents and society.

| PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

  • Oral (0-1 yrs), Anal (2-3 yrs), Phallic (3-6 yrs), Latency (6-puberty), and Genital (beyond puberty).

| DREAMS

  • Analyzed to find hidden desires. Manifest content is the actual dream story; Latent content is the hidden psychological meaning.

| DEFENSE MECHANISMS

  • Mind tricks the Ego uses to lower anxiety (e.g., Denial = refusing reality; Repression = blocking bad memories; Projection = blaming others for your own feelings).


INFORMATION REVOLUTION


  • The shift from factory manufacturing to an economy built on computers, internet, and digital tech.

| KEY PIONEERS

  • CHARLES BABBAGE & ADA LOVELACE - Designed the first mechanical computer idea and wrote the first program.

  • ALAN TURING - Created the theoretical base for computer science and AI.

  • CLAUDE SHANNON - "Father of the Information Age"; created the concept of digital bits.

  • NOYCE & KILBY - Invented the microchip.

  • JOBS & GATES - Popularized easy-to-use home computers and software.

  • TIM BERNERS-LEE -  Invented the World Wide Web.

| CHALLENGES

  • Data privacy risks, unequal access to tech (digital divide), and fake news/information overload.


MESOAMERICAN & SOUTH AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS


| OLMEC

  • Made giant carved stone heads and invented early rubber items.

| MAYA

  • Known for inventing zero independently, precise calendar systems, stone step-pyramids, and complex writing.

| AZTEX

  • They built their main city (Tenochtitlan) on a lake; famous for chinampas (floating gardens used for farming).

| INCA

  • Built massive mountain roads/bridges, used terrace farming on steep hills, created quipu (knotted cords to record data without writing), and performed early brain surgery.




ASIA


| GENERAL IMPACT

  • Technology altered the growth of local languages and continues to drive digital innovation across social tech.

| JAPAN

  • SOROBAN - A traditional Japanese abacus adapted from China’s suanpan in the 14th century.

  • INNOVATIONS - Developed high-speed Bullet trains, MP3/CD technology, and portable CD players.

| CHINA

  • KEY INVENTIONS 

    • Magnetic compass (first used for fortune telling, then navigation)

    • Gunpowder

    • Tea

    • Acupuncture

| INDIA

  • MATHEMATICS 

    • ARYABHATA (Father of Indian Mathematics) - invented zero, developed trigonometry, place value systems, and pi approximations.

    • BRAHMAGUPTA - Created rules for using zero in math operations.

  • ASTRONOMY - Calculated the Earth’s circumference, axis rotation, and planetary

| KOREA

  • HISTORICAL ROOTS - The Silhak Movement prioritized practical science over strict religious philosophy.

  • EARLY INVENTIONS - Movable metal type printing, advanced math concepts (Latin squares), and the Cheugugi (the world's first standardized rain gauge, created in 1441).

  • MODERN TECH - World leaders in high-speed internet, cellular networks (CDMA), memory chips (DRAM), high R&D spending, and automated smart factories. 


MIDDLE EAST


| TRADE & EARLY TECH

  • Expanded trade across international borders; used food fermentation and mummification practices.

| ALGEBRA

  • Al-Khwarizmi founded algebra (al-jabr) and methods to solve linear and quadratic equations.

| OPTICS & SCIENTIFIC METHOD

  • Ibn al-Haytham ("Father of Modern Optics") studied camera obscura light paths and created the foundation for the scientific method. 

| MEDICINE

  • Ibn Sina (Avicenna) wrote The Canon of Medicine, the standard medical textbook in Europe and the Islamic world for centuries. 

| ENGINEERING

  • Al-Jazari designed early automated pumps, water-raising machines, and crankshaft systems. 


AFRICA


| MATH & ARCHITECTURE

  • Created the cubit measurement unit and geometry to build massive structures like the Pyramids.

| MEDICINE

  • Developed early pharmacology, surgical methods, and mummification (led by early figures like Imhotep). 

| ASTRONOMY

  • Designed a 365.25-day calendar based on the star Sirius.

| CHEMISTRY & METALS

  • Pioneered early ironworking and synthetic paint dyes (the root word for chemistry comes from Khem, the ancient name for Egypt).

I.3 PHILIPPINE NATION BUILDING AND FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

==========

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF STS IN THE PHILIPPINES


| PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

  • Indigenous practices focused on traditional medicine, herbal plants, and soil/water management (e.g., Banaue Rice Terraces).

| SPANISH-COLONIAL PERIOD (1565-1898)

  • EDUCATION - Religion-centered, restricted to the elite, gender-segregated, and taught in Spanish.

  • INSTITUTIONS - Early schools founded by religious orders (e.g., Augustinians, Franciscans, University of Santo Tomas in 1611).

  • HEALTHCARE - Early hospitals were built (e.g., Hospital Real de Españoles, Hospital de San Lazaro, San Juan de Dios).

  • RESEARCH - Laboratorio Municipal established for medical/scientific testing.

| AMERICAN PERIOD

  • Rapid advancement through free public education, foundational scientific research institutes (e.g., Bureau of Government Laboratories in 1901), public health initiatives, and infrastructure.


| COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1946)

  • Reorganized the Bureau of Science into the Institute of Science.


KEY S&T POLICIES AND LAWS


| ARTICLE XIV (1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION)

  • Mandates the state to promote S&T research, invention, and development for national progress.

| RA 2067 (SCIENCE ACT OF 1958)

  • Created the National Science Development Board (NSDB) to coordinate research.

| EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 128 (1987)

  • Elevates the NSTA into the cabinet-level Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

| RA 7687 (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOLARSHIP ACT OF 1994)

Grants scholarships to talented, underprivileged students entering S&T fields.

| RA 8439 (MAGNA CARTA FOR S&T PERSONNEL)

Provides additional benefits and compensation to government scientists and researchers.

| RA 10055 (TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACT OF 2009)

Governs the management, ownership, and commercialization of state-funded intellectual property.

| RA 11035 (BALIK SCIENTIST)

Gives financial incentives and benefits to encourage expatriate Filipino scientists to return and work in the country.

| RA 7459 (PHILIPPINE INVENTORS INCENTIVE ACT) & RA 3850

Created incentives and support frameworks for local inventors.

NOTABLE FILIPINO SCIENTISTS & INVENTIONS


Scientist / Group

Major Contribution / Invention

Abelardo Aguilar

Discovered Erythromycin (antibiotic).

Fe Del Mundo

Invented a medical bamboo incubator.

Rolando dela Cruz

Invented a world-renowned cashew-nut-based mole remover.

Aisa Mijeno

Invented the SALt (Sustainable Alternative Lighting) lamp powered by saltwater.

Angel C. Alcala

Created artificial coral reefs and discovered 50+ new amphibian/reptile species.

Gregorio Zara

Invented the early two-way videophone.

Diosdado Banatao

Designed the first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator.

Francisco Quisumbing

Developed Quink quick-drying ink used by Parker.

Eduardo San Juan

Mechanical engineer on NASA's design team for the Lunar Roving Vehicle (Moon Buggy).

Pedro Flores

Patented the modern toy yo-yo design.

Proceso J. Alcala

"Father of Organic Agriculture"; authored the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 (RA 10068).

Manuel Zamora

Formulated Tiki-tiki extract to cure beriberi.

Maria Orosa

Invented banana ketchup.

EVAP Engineers & DOST

Developed the E-Jeepney prototype.


S&T CONTRIBUTIONS BY PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS


| CARLOS P. GARCIA

  • Enacted the Science Act of 1958; established NSDB.

| FERDINAND MARCOS SR. 

  • Established PAGASA, NAST, PNOC, PTRI, and the Philippine Science Community site in Bicutan.


| CORAZON AQUINO

  • Created DOST (EO 128); launched the Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) and "Science for the Masses".

| FIDEL V. RAMOS

  • Implemented the S&T Agenda for National Development (STAND); signed RA 8439; launched "Doctors to the Barrio".

| JOSEPH ESTRADA

  • Signed the Clean Air Act (RA 8749) and E-Commerce Act (RA 8792).

| GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO

  • Promoted Filipinnovation, Biofuels Act (RA 9367), Technology Transfer Act (RA 10055), and Electronic Procurement System (EPS).

| BENIGNO AQUINO III

  • Launched Project NOAH, Diwata-1 microsatellite, Philippine Standard Time Act (RA 10535), and PAGASA modernization.

| RODRIGO DUTERTE

  • Signed Philippine Space Act (RA 11363 creating PhilSA), Balik Scientist Law (RA 11035), GeoRisk Philippines, and supported Diwata-2.

| FERDINAND MARCOS JR.

  •  Championed agricultural modernization, radiation technology for plastic recycling (PREX), and the Virology and Vaccine Institute of the Philippines (VIP).


STS & Human Condition 



Martin Heidegger  - German philosopher, seminal thinker, part of Nazi Party,
- bcs of his thinking he was dismissed in a school bcs they thought he would influence them.

- He has a book “Being in Time” , central philosophical works of the 21st century though unfinished.

His thesis
- “technology is a means to an end”: used as a tool therefore it is instrumental; aimed at getting things done.

-Technology is a human activity to achieve an end and produce an end (use tool); U are using technology in place of the human being. ex. We are using technology in lieu of a f2f lesson


Srry guys tinamad nako dito akala ko magpopost n si ms ng notes…..



NICOMACHEAN ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE



NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS


  • How Aristotle defined a good life


| ARISTOTLE

  • Greek Philosopher

  • Nicomachean Ethics 2:2

  • Nicomachean Ethics 1:4 - living well & doing well are the same as being happy.

  • Nicomachean Ethics 1:10 - all of us want to be happy and happiness defines the good life. If you are happy it means you are satisfied with what you have now.  Live a life full of virtue


| ARISTOTLE INTRODUCED “EUDAIMONIA”

  • Generally refers to a good life marked by happiness and excellence.




EUDAIMONIA - u have a good life if u are happy u are happy if u have virtuous human actions and decisions so that if u are happy everybody in the community will also be happy.

VIRTUE - if u are doing good things, u are performing  virtuous human actions; we should habitually do good things and be disciplined to have virtuous human actions.

2 VIRTUES
- MORAL - golden mean of moderation meaning saktong sakto lang; any extremes is considered to be vices or sins (for priests). To satisfy yourself you must do it in moderation.


- INTELLECTUAL 

    - Practical Wisdom - 

    - Theoretical Wisdom






GOOD LIFE IN STS


GOOD LIFE IN STS



GOOD LIFE IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  • corn resistant to corn borers

  • Smart irrigation 

  • Food processing - we now have freeze dried fruits & vegetables

COSMETICS AND SKINCARE PRODUCTS

  • Sunblocks with spf40,50,etc

  • Gentle effective ingredients

  • Safe and ecofriendly


COMMUNICATION & TRANSPORT

  • Smartphones internet and socmed - we rely on these to connect

  • Fast and safe vehicle and public transport - we now wait for our rides from our phones

  • GPS and navigation - installed in vehicles and in apps


SPORTS & LEISURE ACTIVITIES

  • better sports equip and apparel

  • Fitness trackers

  • Indoor and outdoor recreation technologies - we have VR headsets; smart 


CONSTRUCTION & MANUFACTURING

  • Advanced machines and robotics

  • Strong, durable materials

  • 3D printing and precision manufacturing - can dry easily unlike before where u have to wait for the cement to dry; 3D printed prosthetic limbs etc. 


MEDICAL & RADIATION TECH

  • X-ray, CT scan, MRI and ultrasound - we now have 3d ultrasound and can see the structure of the baby 

  • Radiation therapy for cancer treatment

  • Modern Medical Devices and equipment


BIOTECHNOLOGY

  • Vaccines, medicines, and diagnostics - during the pandemic was done thru biotechnology

  • Genetically improved crops and animals - engineered to resist insect pests such as soybeans 

  • Enzymes and biofuels for cleaner energy.


NANOTECHNOLOGY

  • Stronger, lighter, and smarter materials

  • Targeted drug delivery in medicine

  • Stain-resistant, self-cleaning, and sunscreen products