268 Reproductive System

What is the scrotum

A sac of loose skin underlying subcutaneous tissue that contains the testes

Internally its separated into 2 compartments

It helps to lower body temperature by bathing sperm in specific temperature

What is the spermatic cord

It houses all lymphatic vessels that lead to the scrotum

Contains:

• Ductus deferens

• Testicular artery

• Veins that drain the testes

• Autonomic nerves

• Lymphatic vessels

• Cremaster muscle

What is spermatogenesis

The production of male gametes/ sperm cells (happens in the testes)

What are the steps of spermatogenesis

1. Spermatogonia (mitosis phase)

   • Diploid stem cells (2n) located at the outer edge of the seminiferous tubules divides into 2 daughter cells by mitosis

   • 1 remains a stem cell

   • 1 differentiates into a primary spermatocyte

2. Primary Spermatocytes (meiosis I)

   • Undergoes meiosis I and results in 2 secondary spermatocytes, each haploid (h)

3. Secondary spermatocytes (meiosis II)

   • Undergoes meiosis II and results in 4 spermatides (still haploid)

4. Spermatids (spermogensis)

   • Transforms structurally: develops a tail, form acrosome, condense nucleus, shed ecess cytoplasm

5. Spermatozoa (mature sperm)

   • Fully formed haploid sperm cells

   • Release into lumen of the seminiferous tubules

What is the function of the sperm

Designed to reach and penetrate the secondary oocyte to achieve fertilization and create a zygote

The head contains 23 chromosomes

What hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce other hormones (male reproductive)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release

Luteninizing hormone and follicle stimualting hormone

What does the lutenizing hormone do

Stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

What does the follicle stimulating hormone do

Stimulates spermatogenesis

What loop + hormone contorls the homeostasis of the hormones

Negative feedback loop and testosterone

What are the effects of testonsterone and dihydrotestosterone

• Prenatal development

• Development of male sex characteristics

• Development of sexual function

• Stimulation of anabolism (protein synthesis)

What promotes the development of testosterone

Strength training

What are the accessory glands

• Seminal vesicles

• Prostate

• Bulbourethral glands

What causes an errection

Erotic sights, thoughts, smells, sounds, mechanical stimulation

Whats the functions of the ovaries

Produces gametes and hormones (progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, relaxin)

What are the three layers of the uterus tubes

Mucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

What are the three laers of the uterus

Perimetrium (outermost)

Myometrium - consts of smooth muscle layers

Endometrium - inner layer, sheds each month during menstruation

What does the uterine arterioles do

Supply blood to the uterus

What does cervical muscus do

Helps nourish sperm

What are the glands of the female reproductive system

Paraurethral glends

Greater vasibular glands

Bult of the vastibule

What is the fucntion of the paraurethral gland

Secretes mucus and are embedded in the wall of the urethra

What is the function of the greater vastibular gland

Produces mucus during sexual arousal for lubrication

What is th bult of the vastibule

Two masses of erectile tissue that engorges during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice applying pressure tot he penis during intercourse

What are the mammary glands

Located in each of the two breases (15-30 lobe per breast)

The produce milk

What is the ovarian cycle

Changes that occur during and after meturation of the oocyte

What is the uterine cycle

Changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implatation of the developing embryo

Three phases:

• Menstrual phase

• Proliferative phase

• Secratory phase

What are the types of birth control and explain them

• Complete abstience (100% effective)

• Surgical sterilization (vasectomr, tibal ligation, non-incisional sterilization)

• Hormonal methods (Oral or non oral, pill, skin patch, vaginal ring, plan B, injections, intrauterine devices, spermicides)

• Periodic avstience (Rhythm method or symptom-thermal method)

• Barries (condom, vaginal pouch, diaphragm, cervical cap)

Define abotion

The premature expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus

Either through hormones or vacuum aspiration

How does aging effect the reproductive system

With age, fertility declines

In women the ovarian follicles become exhausted and estrogen levels decline

In men testosterone dclines, sperm levels drop, and secial desire wanes