Chiro Theory Final - Don't recommend...

What are the signs of a stroke?

5D's (diplopia, dizziness, drop attack, dysarthia, dysphagia)

3N's (nausea, numbness, nystagmus)

What is involuntary eye movement which may cause the eye to rapidly move from side to side, up and down, or in a circle, and may slightly blur vision?

Nystagmus

What is self-healing nervous system function; body's innate intelligence?

Vitalism

What is the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; mind, body, and spirit. Relatively open, equal, and reciprocal relationship between patient and practitioner?

Holism

True or false: Chiropractic holistic approach - views patient as a whole person not a symptom-bearing organism

True

What is the preference for natural therapies; avoids drugs and surgery. Wellness and health promoted through natural means like diet, exercise, and behavior modifications?

Naturalism

What is them manner that requires empathy, nonjudgmental acceptance, congruence, and genuineness. Chiropractor oriented to patient, not illness.

Humanism

What is the method that emphasizes first, do no harm. Minimal intervention will promote active participation of patient in healing process?

Conservatism

What invokes logic and evidence for reasoning?

Rationalism

What is based on manipulation to restore blood flow; uses medicine and surgery; manipulation not used as much anymore by Dos?

Osteopathy

What is based on restoration of proper nerve supply; manipulation from adjustments and more specific than previous manipulation type medicine; drugs and surgery never used?

Chiropractic

What emphasizes disease is due to accumulation of waste and toxins in body. Health is maintained by avoiding anything artificial or unnatural in diet or environment?

Naturopathy

What treats with small doses of natural substances. "Like cures like"- medicine used is one that produces the same symptoms in a healthy person that the disease produces in a sick person?

Homeopathy

What are the two psychosocial models?

Somatopsychic hypothesis

Psychogenic hypothesis

What model deals with how somatic (subluxation-related neuropathophysiology) can influence "psyche" (emotions and other central states)?

Somatopsychic hypothesis

Sleep disturbances like insomnia, anxiety, depression would fall under what model?

Somatopsychic hypothesis

What are some signs and symptoms that are caused by decreased cerebral performance?

Giddiness/dizziness Lethargy/fatigue Insomnia Depression Nervousness/anxiety Headache ******Memory problems** Changes in visual acuity ******Auditory difficulty******

What is related to the Psychogenic (psychosomatic) hypothesis?

Chronic anxiety

Emotional state

Postural changes

Diaphragmic hypertonicity

What can be a factor in the cause of VSC - how the spine is affected by the mind/thoughts?

Emotional state

What deals with non-verbal communication expressing affective states?

Postural changes

True or false: Attachment of diaphragm to anterior of 1 st 3 L segments can exert anterior pull on lumbar spine - increase lumbar lordosis, lumbosacral

angle, facet loading, etc.

True

What are the trophics models? (5)

-Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis

- Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis

- Intraneural microcirculation ischemia

-Venous and lymphatic stasis due to compression/traction

-Altered cerebrospinal fluid flow

What is improper CSF due to?

Spinal dysfunction

Central hypothesis of SOT addresses what?

Altered cerebrospinal fluid flow

What is the effect of mechanical compression on narrowing blood vessels supplying nerves?

Intraneural microcirculation ischemia

What else can be caused by Intraneural microcirculation ischemia?

Neurapraxia and paresthesia

What can neuroischemia cause?

Altered nerve physiology

True or false: Intraneural microcirculation ischemia is closely related to the axoplasmic aberration model

True

Venous and lymphatic stasis is due to what?

compression/traction

True or false: Small scale mechanical stresses are not sufficient enough to cause localized venous congestion and/or lymphatic stasis

False (are sufficient)

What is edema/accumulation of metabolites related to?

Venous and lymphatic stasis

What is the idea that can cause compression or deflection of vertebral arteries?

Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis

What can Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis result in?

Cerebral ischemia and neurological dysfunction

What are symptoms of Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency hypothesis?

"Drop attacks", headaches, migraine syndrome, dizziness, nystagmus, etc. (referable to cranial structures)

What is the idea that Neurotrophic support of body tissues can be affected by VSC due to disruption of normal axoplasmic transport mechanisms?

Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis

True or false: Axoplasmic aberration hypothesis can be affected by mechanical compression without damage to nerve conduction (can alter intracellular physiology of nerves)

True

What refers to the idea of how an organ issue could cause a subluxation?

Viscero-somatic

stomach/stomachache can cause a subluxation, is an example of what?

Viscero-somatic

What refers muscle-muscle; strain a calf muscle causes subluxation since you are moving differently

Somatic- somatic

Change of gait causes a subluxation is an example of what?

Somatic-somatic

What refers to the idea that emotional state affecting muscular raised motional state changes posture, how we move, tightness within muscles?

Pyschosomatic

What is the difference between innate and educated intelligence?

Innate: born with (100% within you)

Educated: learned from environment

3 T's of subluxation

Thoughts, trauma, toxins

What of the 3 T's deal with mechanical stresses?

Trauma

What of the 3 T's deal with chemical stresses?

Toxins

What of the 3 T's deal with emotional stresses?

Thoughts

Amounts of stress of any sort that are unbalanced and

patterned/habitual deal with what? (Constant)

Micro

What refers to Amounts of stress of any sort, Non-repetitive (punched in face), Falls, accidents, head bows, heavy lifting, surgery, childbirth

Macro

What is the pain hierarchy?

1. Nociception

2. Pain

3. suffering

4. Pain behavior (can rami an after healing has taken place)

How does ischemia affect nerves?

Diminishes blood flow to nerves (starves them not enough nutrients)

How to prevent subluxation?

More movement= less subluxation

Nerve to nerve root compression refers to what?

Compressive neuropathy

What can cause mechanical compression of spinal nerves?

IVF distortion

What can cause spinal nerve root compression and injury?

Subluxation

What regions are most susceptible to nerve compression (Hadley)?

Lumbar and cervical

__________ __________ are most sensitive to compression (Gelfan, Tarlov, Sharpless)

Nerve roots

True or false: Nerve roots lack connective tissue sheath of peripheral nerves.

True

Nerve roots and sheath occupy ________ of IVF cross-sectional diameter

35-50%

Other than nerve roots what makes up the remaining 50-65% of the IVF?

-loose areolar connective tissue

-adipose

-vascular/neural structures

Spinal distortion may displace neural complex laterally into IVF by what?

Traction

Mechiacal stresses can cause injury to highly sensitive _______.

DRG

True or false: DRG are less sensitive to mechanical stimulation than peripheral nerves.

False (5X more sensitive)

What happens if DRG are inflamed?

Become hyperexcitable and gives rise to spontaneous discharge

Cord compression/ traction is also referred to as?

Compressive myelopathy

What can cause significant neural canal stenosis to mechanically

compress spinal cord?

Cervical subluxation

What part of the spinal cord is particularly sensitive to cord compression/traction?

Dorsal column

Compression of the dorsal column would affect what senses?

kinesthesia, fine touch, fine pressure,

vibration

Who is credited with beginnings of spinal cord compression hypothesis in HIO technique and research?

BJ Palmer

What is an injury to the spinal cord caused by severe compression that may be a result of spinal stenosis, disc degeneration, disc herniation, autoimmune disorders or other trauma?

Myelopathy

What are the symptoms of myeopathy?

Headache

Numbness

Quadriplegia

Transient parapalgia

What can cause stabilizing attachments of dentate ligament to distort spinal cord by traction affecting lateral columns?

Upper cervical subluxation

What are other effects of an upper cervical subluxation?

- mechanical stress on meninges due to traction (loss of cervical lordosis) or from cervical muscle tension.

- SIDs (severe upper cervical subluxation)

What is another name for the somatosomatic reflex?

Somato-motors

What reflex models deals with local spinal effects of subluxation process- muscle hypertonicity/imbalance, fixation?

Somato-somatic

Who came up with the somato-somatic reflex?

Seaman Korr

What does the somatosomatic reflex do to afferents?

Increase and decrease

Somatosomatic reflex ___________ nociceptor traffic and _____________ mechanoreceptor signals. (Somatic dysafferentation)

Increased, decreased

What can increased and decreased afferentation from somatosomatic reflex cause?

- May altered postural muscle tone

-coordination leading to errors that are self-perpetuating

What reflex model deals has a subluxation that effects visceral function?

Somatovisceral reflex

Colic, High blood pressure, Urinary ouput, Enuresis, Gastric acidity and motility, Pituitary circulation, Anemia, Blood sugar levels, Asthma, allergic rhinitis, Coronary arteriospasm, dysrhythmi, Pupillary diameter, Migraine, Dysmenorrhea, and Painful Periods are all associated with what reflex model?

Somatovisceral reflex

What reflex model deals what visceral that causes a subluxation?

Viscerosomatic reflex

Stomach issue causing a mid-thoracic subluxation refers to what reflex model?

Viscerosomatic reflex

Lung irritation due to inhalation of toxins (smoking, air pollution, etc.)

reflexively can cause somatic manifestations in upper thoracic and midcervical regions of spine is an example of what reflex model?

Viscerosomatic reflex

colon issue causing a lower thoracic and upper lumbar spine subluxation refers is an example of what reflex model?

Viscerosomatic reflex

What is the visceral-viseral reflex not currently discussed as a subluxation?

There is no somatic component

True or false: Visceral dysafferentation due to organ injury/pathology can cause/predispose spine to develop subluxation, which is associated with the Somatovisceral reflex.

False (viscerosomatic )

What is a result of stressor to body and lowers tissue resistance,

modifying specific and nonspecific immune responses?

Neural dysfunction (Neurodystrophic/neuroimmune)

True or false: Neurodystrophic/neuroimmune can cause modification of sympathetic nerve activity both locally and globally

True