Functional Groups

Functional Groups

a Functional Group is a group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic chemical behavior.

R is a shorthand notation that could mean

Any Carbon chain or any Hydrogen.

Condensed Formula

CH₃CH₂CH₃

Kekule Structure

(see image)

Skeletal Structure (Line Diagram)

(see image) each end of a line (unless otherwise like the Hydrogen or Oxygen) is a Carbon, the lines represent single bonds. Hydrogens are NOT USUALLY drawn (there are exceptions).

HydroCarbon Groups

Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne and Aromatic Ring (Arene)

Alkane

C-C single bond (ane ending)

Names of Alkanes (From having 1 Carbon single bond chain - 10 Carbon single bond Chains

1. Carbon: Methane

2. Carbons: Ethane

3. Carbons: Propane

4. Carbons: Butane

5. Carbons: Pentane

6. Carbons: Hexane

7. Carbons: Heptane

8. Carbons: Octane

9. Carbons: Nonane

10. Carbons: Decane

Alkene

C=C double bond (ene sufix)

Alkyne

C C triple bond (yne suffix)

Aromatic Ring (Arene)

ring with double bonds

Cycloalkane

End Carbon comes back to First carbon, single bonds.

Primary Carbon

Attached to one other Carbon (i)

Secondary Carbon

Carbon attached to other Carbons, 2°

Tertiary Carbon

Attached to 3 other Carbons, 3°

Oxygen Groups

(Carbon-Oxygen, Carbon single bonded to Oxygen) Alcohol and Ether

Alcohol

sp³ Carbon with bonded to OH (ol suffix)

Ether

C-O-C Oxygen single bonded to Carbon on both ends.

Carbonyl Groups

(Carbon=Oxygen, Carbon double bonded to Oxygen with something else attached): CEAAAK (sea sick, you yack, sea triple yack)

• Carboxylic Acid

• Ester

• Acid Chloride

• Aldehyde

• Amide

• Ketone

Carboxylic Acid

Carbonyl bonded to OH, suffix oic acid (OH base to mix with ACID)

Ester

Carbonyl bonded to -O-C, suffix oate (Ester easter, O looks like an easter egg)

Acid Chloride

Carbonyl attached to Chlorine, suffix oyl chloride

Aldehyde

(Oxygen=C-H) carbonyl attached to H, suffix al (hyde has an H, hydrogen)

Amide

Carbonyl attached to NH₂ , suffix amide

Ketone

Carbonyl attached to 2 carbons on both sides, suffix one

Amine

Carbon single bonded to NH₂ (it’s like amide, without the oxygen double bond).

Alkyl Group

Comes specifically from alkanes. It happens by removing ONE hydrogen so that it is readily available to attach to something else. When a Hydrogen is removed from an alkane, you add an yl suffix. EX: Methane is CH₄, when you remove a Hydrogen, CH₃ it becomes methyl. If you have an Ethane, C-C (CH₃CH₃) and remove one Hydrogen (CH₃CH₂) it becomes ethyl.

IUPAC Naming

1. Find the Parent Chain: LONGEST continuous Carbon chain (EX: 4 Carbons, Butane) this becomes your BASE NAME.

2. Identify the highest priority functional group, this will give your SUFFIX.

3. Number the chain so that it gives the lowest possible numbers to your alkyl groups

4. Identify and name your alkyl groups

5. Assign the numbers to your alkyl groups by where they are placed. If you have two groups on the same carbon, write the number twice. (Numbers are separated from words through -, 2,2-dimethylpropane).

6. Use prefixes based on how many of the same group you have. EX: if you have two methyl’s, it’s dimethyl

7. Arrange your name alphabetically, (ignore prefixes like di or tri) EX: Methyl and Bromo, B comes before M, 2-bromo-3-methylpentane

8. If you have a double bond, number the double bond based on the lowest number where it starts.

When you have more than one functional group, the highest priority becomes the suffix, but the second priority functional group will give you your prefix.

EX: H₂NCH₂CH₂OH

Functional groups:

• Alcohol (-OH)

• Amine (-NH₂)

Alcohol has higher priority.

Name: 2-aminoethan-1-ol

The amine is named as the prefix amino-.

Isopropyl

3 Carbon chain, propane, remove a Hydrogen, propyl, when it’s attached in the middle, it is an isopropyl.

Nitrile

Carbon triple bonded to Nitrogen

Thiol

Sulfur-Hydrogen, sulfur single bonded to Hydrogen

Sulfide

C-S-C Sulfur single bonded to Carbon on both sides. If you have 2 sulfurs, C-S-S-C disulfide

Flourine attached

Flouro

Chlorine attached

Chloro

Bromine attached

Bromo

Iodione attached

Iodo

When writing Chemical Formula

written as C,H, then everything else in alphabetical order.