History Renissance

Humanism

study of the Renaissance. and very important focusing on the individual and their potential, understanding life and questioning everything (including the Church). The values of art and writing. Studies of Greek and Roman literature

Patron of the Arts

A person who supports, and sponsors artists by paying for the cost of the art. very important They also tend to be the wealthiest people in society. They are significant for spreading art because they help artists create art without much expense. often have self portarits done.

Perspective

A commonly used art technique during the Renaissance. It makes distant objects appear further and bigger appear closer.

95 thesis

Created by Martin Luther, and was a list of complaints with the Church. This document spread around Germany and led to the Protestant Reformation. It focused on the unfair practices of the church like the selling of indulgences, and role of the Pope. Main cause of Protestant Reformation.

Indulgences

A pardon that excused sinners from needing to perform a penalty given by a priest for their sins. This was a form or corruption, friar known as John Tetzel lead people to believe that by purchasing indulgences, they would get instant forgiveness from God without undergoing the repentance process. This led to the belief of buying your way to heaven. The selling of indulgences was the primary catalyst for Martin Luther's 95 Thesis.

Printing Press

First printing machine, made by Gutenberg. it's important because it printed many copies of the bible, which increased reading and writing. it was used by Martin Luther to spread his reformist ideas. Very Important : First thing it made was the bible

Act of Supremacy

officially made the Church of England Anglican, made Henry the head of the Church. was a law passed during the English Reformation under Henry VIII. declared that the King not the Pope was the supreme head of the Church of England. It was made so he could get divorced and remarried

Anglican

very similar to the Catholic Church, in practice. (The English Reformation was rooted in politics, not religion) The pope didn't want Henry VIII to get an annulment so Henry turned to archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. Then he finally he got his annulment. He created the church

Calvin

Religion, its a protestant branch that originated in the 16th century Switzerland that spread throughout Scotland, France, and the Netherlands. What is super important is their main belief in Predestination. they do not follow the pope

Predestination

the idea that you are already chosen to go to heaven or not, your fate is predetermined. Is part of Calvinism, and is practiced in the setting where they can't smoke drink, ect.

Lutheran

Very important they do not follow the Pope. humans could never do enough good works to merit salvation, but only through justification by grace through "faith alone". People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. Teaching were based on the bible and everyone was equal.

Protestant Religions differ from Catholic Church

- All 3 don't follow the Pope

- They believe that you only need faith alone to get to heaven (ex. you don't need community service)

- They believe in vernacular

- Sacraments and saints are different

Peace of Augsburg

was a treaty that ended the religious struggle between Rome Catholics and Lutherans in the HRE. Very important it legalized protestant religion and it made it so that each state could choose their religion, also separated the church.

Martin Luther

German monk and professor, creator of the 95 thesis and also led to the Protestant Reformation.

Protestant Reformation

began in Germany and spread to the rest of Europe, and spread through the 3 religions. Mainly Lutheranism. It was against the Catholic church because of how its corrupt. Calvansim branched from Luthernaism.

Henery VIII

The King of England, Anglicanism, father to Elizabeth I, Mary I , and Edward VI. Pope refused to give him an annulment, turned to Thomas Cranmer. educated himself politically and religiously to create his own religion (Anglicanism)

The wive's fates

divorced

beheaded

died

divorced

beheaded

survived

1st wife

Catherine of Aragon. was the princess of Spain, promised to marry the King of England. she originally married Aurthur, he dies then she marries Henry. She gave birth to Mary 1, & wasn't able to see her after the divorce. Baby mama drama, Henry gets Anne Boleyn pregnant, and looses interest in Catherine. after 20 years of marriage, he says shes cursed and divorces her. leaves her to live alone in manors she dedicates the rest of her life to faith.

2nd wife

Anne Boleyn, she gave birth to Elizabeth 1. Henry converted and started the Anglican Church just to marry her. he ended up getting annoyed that she couldn't produce a male heir and kept having miscarriages so he fabricated a claim that she was sleeping with her uncle and cheating, and was found gulity of treason. She was beheaded.

3rd wife

Jane Seymour, she gave birth to their first son ! Edward VI, he ended up being weak physically, and died at like 16. Jane died in childbirth, and was considered Henry's true love although some people say that they just weren't together long enough for Henry to hate her

4th wife

Anne of Cleaves, (horsey face) after Jane died Henry lowkey didn't care too much abt a new wife, but he needed a queen because he was a king (sum like that). So they showed him portraits of different women and he said she's good. then saw her in real life and was disgusted. He got a divorce from her.

5th wife

Catherine Howard, she was the cousin of Anne Boleyn. She only married him for status but she was caught having & affair. she was beheaded.

6th wife

Catherine Parr, she outlived Henry and survived. she remarried and had babies with the man she really liked. She was the first queen of England, and Ireland also pushed for Protestant Reformation.

Mary 1

The daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Mary 1 killed many Protestants and was nicknamed the title "bloody mary". She brings Catholicism back to Europe.

Elizabeth 1

Henry VIII had with Ann Boleyn. She became queen after queen Mary died and she focused on leading the country herself she never got married or had kids. She was protestant (anglican) and a patron of the arts during the renaissance.

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. he was a protestant, he was crowned the king of England at age 9. he died at age 16. he said lady jane grey will he his successor.

Jesuits

Started by St. Ignatius of Loyola. Roman Catholic religious order of priests and brothers

Seek to find god in all things

spread Catholic education through missionary work

This was in response to the protestant Reformation (Catholic counter reformation)

Renissance

means rebirth, a period in Europe when art, science, and learning flourished again, rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman art. It began in Italy (especially Florence) and spread across Europe. Part of the Catholic Reformation, the pope's response, being more strict and tightening things up.

Protestant Reformation

Initiated by Martin Luther in the 16th Century, this was the branching off from Catholicism due to disagreements with the Pope, indulgence, and repenting.

Causes:

Too focused on wealth

Printing press

Influence of the politicians

Resentment of tithe

Reformers stressed importance of Bible over Church

Corruption of church leaders:

Council Trent

a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

They agreed on doctrine such as

Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued,

The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic.

The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.

Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the selling of indulgences was banned.

Diet of Worms

was an assembly of the Holy Roman Empire in worms that Martin Luther defended his works in. Emperor Charles V refused and the Edict of Worms declared him an outlaw. This event solidified the Reformation movement and the Catholic Church. It legalized Protestant religions throughout Germany, each state would choose their religion. Meeting with the king makes martin luther an outlaw → goes into hiding, least to peace of Augsburg

Counter/Catholic Reformation

Society of Jesuits founded by Ignitus of Loyola, order grounded in absolute obedience to the papacy of the Papal states. Education was used to achieve its goals.

In response to the Protestant Reformation (catholic counter reformation)

The Catholic Reformation was the name of the 16th-century revitalization of the Catholic church. The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was made, and they used education and were part of missionary work. They also restored Catholicism to parts of Germany and spread the faith to non-Christians

list of forbidden books

emphasis on the role of the pope