Mutation

Point Mutation

A single change in a base in the DNA sequence.

Single Substitution Mutation

A mutation where one base is swapped for another, changing one amino acid in the protein.

Insertion Mutation (INDEL)

A type of point mutation where extra bases are added into the DNA sequence.

Deletion Mutation (INDEL)

A type of point mutation where bases are removed from the DNA.

Frameshift Mutation

A mutation that occurs from the insertion or deletion of bases, shifting the entire reading frame.

Duplication Mutation

A mutation involving a section of DNA being copied and repeated.

Inversion Mutation

A mutation where a section of DNA is flipped around.

Null Mutation

A mutation that completely breaks a gene, rendering it non-functional.

Knockdown

A mutation that reduces the gene's activity but does not completely eliminate it.

Knockout

A mutation that completely removes or inactivates a gene.

Conservative Mutation

A type of missense mutation that changes the amino acid but does not significantly affect the protein (polar to polar).

Non-Conservative Mutation

A type of misses mutation that changes the amino acid from polar to non polar vise versa

Loss of Function Mutation

A mutation that results in the gene or protein stopping its function, which can lead to various diseases.

Somatic Mutation

A mutation that occurs in non-germline cells and is not inherited, often affecting only the individual organism. (Body cells)

Germ-line Mutation

A mutation that occurs in the germ cells (sperm and eggs) and can be passed on to offspring, potentially affecting future generations.

Transversion Mutation

A type of point mutation (Single base Substitution) where a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or vice versa, leading to changes in DNA sequence.

Transition Mutation

A type of point mutation (Single Base Substitution) where a purine is substituted for another purine or a pyrimidine for another pyrimidine, resulting in a change in the DNA sequence.

Silent Mutation

A mutation that doesn’t effect normal, cannot tell there is a mutation (NONE in everything) same genetic code!

Deleterious Mutation

A mutation that is harmful to an organism, often resulting in reduced fitness or negative effects on survival and reproduction.

Beneficial Mutation

A mutation that enhances an organism's fitness, leading to improved survival or reproduction in a specific environment.

Neutral Mutation

A mutation that has no significant effect on the organism's fitness, neither beneficial nor harmful.

Nonsense Mutation

a DNA change that causes a protein to stop being made early

Missense Mutation

type of point mutation (Single base substitution) in which a single nucleotide change in a DNA sequence results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein produced.

A, G

PURINE

C, T, U

PYRIMIDINE