Tissues and Histology Practice Exam

A comprehensive set of practice questions covering tissue classification, epithelial characteristics, connective tissue components, muscle and nervous tissue, and the processes of inflammation and repair based on Chapter 04 lecture notes.

What are the four primary types of tissues in the body?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

What is the difference between a biopsy and an autopsy?

A biopsy is the removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes, while an autopsy is the examination of organs of a dead body to determine the cause of death.

Which type of epithelial tissue has a single layer of cells that appears stratified because the nuclei are at various levels, but all cells contact the basement membrane?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

What are the three distinct surfaces of epithelial tissue?

Free, basal, and lateral surfaces.

What is the function of microvilli on a free surface?

They increase the surface area for absorption or secretion.

Which type of cell connection consists of disk-shaped regions of cell membrane that are often found in areas subjected to stress?

Desmosomes.

What is the purpose of gap junctions between cells?

They are protein channels that aid intercellular communication by allowing ions and small molecules to pass through.

How do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands have no open contact with the exterior, no ducts, and produce hormones, whereas exocrine glands maintain open contact with the exterior through ducts.

What are the three modes of secretion for multicellular exocrine glands?

Merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (pinched-off fragments), and holocrine (shedding of entire cells).

What descriptive word stems are used to identify cells that create, maintain, and break down the extracellular matrix?

-blasts (create), -cytes (maintain), and -clasts (break down).

What are the three major protein fibers found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?

Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.

What are the inorganic components of the bone matrix?

Hydroxyapatite ($Ca$ plus $PO_4$).

Where is hyaline cartilage typically located in the body?

Rib cage, trachea, bronchi, and the embryonic skeleton.

Which muscle tissue type is characterized as being striated and under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle.

What is the function of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle?

They are special junctions between cells that contain gap junctions to coordinate the pumping of blood.

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

Cell body (contains the nucleus), axon (conducts impulses away), and dendrites (receive impulses).

What type of tissue membrane lines cavities that are not open to the exterior, such as the pericardial or pleural cavities?

Serous membranes.

What is the term for the swelling of tissue caused by increased blood vessel permeability during inflammation?

Edema.

What is the role of granulation tissue in the skin repair process?

It is a delicate connective tissue composed of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, and capillaries that replaces the blood clot during tissue repair.

According to the lecture, how does aging affect collagen and elastic fibers?

Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure and may increase in number, while elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become less elastic.

What is the primary function of hemopoietic tissue and where is it found?

It forms blood cells and is found in the red bone marrow.

What specific epithelial tissue type lines the urinary bladder and can change shape from cuboidal to squamouslike when stretched?

Transitional epithelium.

What substance is produced by goblet cells?

Mucus.

Which connective tissue cells are involved in releasing heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury?

Mast cells.

What is the difference between primary union and secondary union in tissue repair?

Primary union occurs when the edges of a wound are close together, while secondary union occurs when the edges are not closed, leading to a greater chance of infection and scarring.

What is the role of epithelial tissue in the body?

Epithelial tissue serves as a protective barrier, facilitates absorption, secretion, and sensation.

What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

Muscle tissue is characterized by its ability to contract and produce movement, consisting of three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

What is the function of connective tissue?

Connective tissue supports, binds together, and protects organs; it contains variations in its extracellular matrix.

What do glands in the body do?

Glands, composed of epithelial tissue, are responsible for the secretion of substances such as hormones and enzymes.

How does nervous tissue function?

Nervous tissue transmits electrical impulses, facilitating communication throughout the body and processing sensory information.