History test April 17th

Vertical Integration

Company’s avoidance of middlemen by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution

Horizontal expansion

The process by which a corporation acquires or merges with its competitors

“Robber barons”

Also known as “captains of industry,” Gilded-Age industrial figures who inspired both admiration for their economic leadership and innovation, and hostility and fear due to their unscrupulous business methods, repressive labor practices, and unprecedented economic control over entire industires

Social Darwinism

Application of Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of the “survival of the fittest.” to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty

Great Railroad Strike

A series of demonstrations, some violent, were held nationwide in support of striking railroad workers in Martinsburg, West Virgina, who refused to work due to wage cuts.

Social Gospel

Ideals practiced by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late 19th and early 20th centuries advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization

Haymarket Affair

Violence during an anarchist protest at Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886; the deaths of eight, including seven policemen, led to the trial of eight anarchist leaders for conspiracy to commit murder

Bonanza Farms

Large farms that covered thousands of acres and employed hundreds of wage laborers in the West in the late 19th century

Battle of the Little Bighorn

The most famous battle of the Great Sioux War took place in 1876 in the Montana territory; combined Sioux and Cheyenne warriors massacred a vastly outnumbered U.S. Cavalary commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer

Dawes Act

Law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians; broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers

Ghost Dance

A spiritual and political movement among Native Americans whose followers performed a ceremonial “ghost dance” intended to connect the living with the dead and make the Indians bulletproof in battles intended to restore their homelands

Wounded Knee Massacre

One of the colonies main complaints against Britain; the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling

Yellow Press

Sensationalism in newspaper publishing reached a peak in the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World and William Randolph Hearst’s NYJ in the 1890s; the papers’ accounts of events in Havana Harbor in 1898 led directly to the Spanish-American War

Platt Amendment

The 1901 amendment to the Cuban constitution that reserved the US right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced the newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island

Phillippine War

The American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Phillippine War independence after Spanish-American War; America’s death toll was over 4,000, and the Phillippine’s war far higher

Anti-Imperialist League

Coalition of anti-imperialist groups united in 1899 to protest American territorial expansion, especially in the Philippine Islands; its membership included prominent politcians, industrialsts, labor leaders and social reformers

Birth control movement

An offshoot of the early 20th century feminist movements that saw access to birth control and “voluntary motherhood” as essential to women’s freedom. The birth-control movement was led by Margaret Sanger

collective bargaining

The process of negotiations between an employer and a group of employees to regulate working conditions.

Conservation movement

A progressive reform movement focused on the preservation and sustainable management of the nation’s natural reasources.

Muckracking

Writing that exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, metpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the 20th century; included popular books and magazine articles that spurred public interest in reform

New nationalism

Platform of the Progressive Party and slogan of the former president Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; stressed government activism, including regulations of trusts, conservation, and recall of state court decisions that had nullified progressive programs

Progressivism

Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the enviornment, labor, transportation, and politics

Pure Food and Drug Act

Passed in 1906, the first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous activities and inaccurate labeling

Settlement House

Late 19th century movement to offer a broad array of social services in urban immigrant neighborhoods; Chicagos Hull House was one of hundreds of settlement houses that operated by the early 20th century