Sociology 1010 OLICK

Midterm

Reading: Harari

He answers the question "What is sociology." He talks about how humans are not significant beings but we only became significant through our ability to cooperate/ create social structure, based on common goals we may have like survive. He also argues how we were reshaped by 3 major revolutions. 1. cognitive (70,000 years) 2. agricultural (12,000 years), 3.scientific (500 years). He also talks about how we are related to monkeys specifically

Reading: Miner

miner anwsers the question of “what is sociology” by explaining how society norms and culture affects us and how we percieve things. For example, Miner explains american culture in a way that explains us like a native historical tribe. Miner explains how we use rituals to look beautiful and how we have market based rituals, like drilling our teeth etc. MIner even talks abotu gender norms in “the native society. Miner does all of this to show that rituals/ norms are shaped by our society.

Reading Mills

Mills answers the question “What is sociology”. Mills talks about the importance of private and public experiences and how they are shaped by society. Mills talks about how people tend to feel stuck in their private lives. Mills states how this makes threats and goals seem overwhelming because they are concerned with immediate realm. Mills also argues about how we need to understand the HISTORY and BIOGRAPHICAL

Social immigration

The ability to understand the broader historical and biographical relationship and how it affects society. (Mills)

Reading: Simmel

Simmel answers the question “what is modernity?” Simmel does this by describing how modernity is a social condition shaped by the movement of urbanization, industrial revolution and economy. Simmel also relates modernity to the constant need for social stimulation, that comes from constant sensory overload. This produces a attitude known as the “blasé attitude". basically meaning feeling emotionally indifferent about a lot of things. The more demands and noise of society the increase of Blasé attitude.

Blasé Attitude

Emotional indifference due to constant social stimulation, often leading to not caring about things. For example, the more noise and demands you have around you the more likely you are in obtaining this attitude.

Reading: Ritzer

Ritzer answers the question “what is modernity?” Ritzer does this by talking about the mcdonaldization of the world specifically attaining to fast food chains. Ritzer also talks about how there are 4 componets when ti comes to these industries. 1.efficiency, 2. calculability, quantity over quality, and predictability. Ritzer claims that this makes it where people are not controller of their decisions anymore but are rather part of a system now. This concept produces order and convience for people but lead to bad consequences like health issues.

mcdonaldization

the idea that fast food chains control/dominates sectors of society, Ritzer came up with this idea. Ritzer states there is 4 componets, 1. efficiency, predictability, quantity over quality, calculability.

Reading: Coleman

Coleman answers the question “what is modernity” Coleman does this by talking about how individuals ever interact with individuals directly but are more so interacting with companies instead. Coleman states how this leads to compaines having more power than individuals now due to this. Coleman states that modernity is ran by corprations and instituitions.

Reading: Elias

Elias answers the question “what is nature vs nurture”. Elias does this by talking about how you cannot look at individuals and societies differently. Elias argues that people are born into societies needing basic care and social interactions. Elias ultimately argues that we are social all the way down involving both nature and nurture.

Reading: Cooley

Cooley answers the question “what is nature vs Nurture”. Cooley does this by talking about how our self isn’t our true self but instead a reflection of society through the interactions we have. The interaction we have with others has 3 parts. 1. How we imagine we appear to others, 2. How we imagine others judge our apperance, 3. the feelings we develop after thinking about their imagined judgements. Cooley talks about how the self is not something we are born with but rather something we obtain through society and different social enviornments change who we are.

Looking glass

The idea that the self develops through social interactions we have with others that influence our identity. 3 interactions “how we imagine others view us, how we imagine others judging us, how we feel about those imagined judgements.”

Reading: Mead

Mead anwsers the question “what is nature vs nurture”. Mead does this by talking about how we are social all the way down. He specifically deos this by tlaking about how the self is created through interactions with others. Mead claims that the self has 2 parts, “The (I) meaning an individuals impulses and desires” and “The (ME) which means the orgainzation or norms and society that influences our attitudes in situations.

Reading: Dubois

Dubois anwsers the question “what is nature vs. nurture”. Dubois does this by talking about black inferiority is a social construal. Dubios argues this by mentioning “the veil” and “Double conscienous.”

Double conscienous

the feeling of having internal conflict of seeing one’s self as 2 differnt people, one through one’s own perspective and one through anothers.

The veil

A concept that separtes the ability for black people to be able to participate in society.

Reading: Lareau

Lareau answers the question of “what is nature vs nurture?” Lareau tlaks about this by talking about parenting styles and how that affects how a child grows up and what type of traits and opportunities they will have based off of that. Lareua also talks about class, race, family etc.

Reading: Chambliss

Chambliss talks about the question “what are group interactions". Chambliss does this by doing a study on 2 different boys. One boy was a middle class boy who was known as a saint. The other boy was a low class boy known as a roughneck. Both of these boys were treated differently based on the social group they came from.

Reading: Goffman

Goffman answers the question “what is group interactions”. Goffman does this by arguing that social life is a preformance and everyone is preforming in some way. Goffman argues this by talking about how there are 2 differnt stages, Backstage and Frontstage. Goffman basically states that group interaction is the management of ones personality/ impression.

Frontstage

You act in a different way in front of different people. (preforming)

Backstage

You act more comfortable around people you know more/ in your alone time.

Reading: Hochschild

Hochschild talks about the question, “what is group interactions”. Hochschild does this by talking about how emotions are shaped by society. Hochschild talks about hwo people manage their emotions infront of different people differently. Hochschild also states that emotions are taught by society. For example, feeling rules are how you ought to feel. Hochschild states that people will align their emotions with the groups emotions to not feel excluded.

Reading: Rosehen

Roshen answers the question “what is normative order.” Rosehen does this by conducting an expierment that sent healthy people to a mental instution to conduct how people view mentally disabled/unstable people. He did this by making the particapants to commit to having symptoms but once they were admitted into the instituion they were told to stop having symptoms by Rosehen. It turns out that once they stopped having these symptoms and started to act normal the nurses considered them even more strange and needed more help. This expierment showed that norms are constucted by enviorments and can be different in ever enviorment.

Reading: Anderson

Anderson answered the question “what is normative order”. anderson did this by stating that normative order is established by unwritten rules people follow. Anderson stated this by talking about the Code of the streets. This talks about how low income areas usally have unwritten rules to earn respect and loyalty.

Code of streets

informal/ unwritten rules that society follows in low income black neighborhoods.

Reading: Goffman PT.2

Goffman answers the question “what is normative order”. Goffman does this by tlaking about how stigmas change how people are percieved in society. Specifically how people are now seen as tainted if they ahve a stigma on them. Goffman argues that individuals are disqualifed acceptance. Goofman argues that this emerges when someone in society breaks social norms. individuals who are stigmaized do impressio management to minimize affects.

Reading: Matza

Matza anwsers the question “what is normative order”. Matza does this by explaining how deliquents do not disagree with social order instead they are trying to justify these social norms. Rules are still affecting these individuals even if they are broken. Matza argues that these individuals drift between conformity and delicancy.

Reading: Lowen

Loewen anwsers the question “what is social class”. Loewen talks about hwo social class plays an imprtant part in shapiong opportunties. Loewen talks about how poor people are often blamed for being poor but it is expensive to be poor due to unequal opportunites. In america textbooks aviods tlaking abotu social class because it highlights inequalites. Loewen talks abotu hwo it is hard to move up in society because of socail barriers.

Reading: Ehreneich

Ehreneich anwsers the question “what is social class”. Ehreneich anwsers this by talking about her expierence as a worker and how low wages get paid very little for harder work. She also talks about hwo some people could be overqualified for the job and not get it because of that. Ehreneich argues against the american dream belief that if you work hard you will obtain alot of money and sucess. She talks about how their is little to no chance of upward mobility.

Reading: Desmond

Desmond answered the question” what is social class”. Desmond talks about the circumstance of being evicted. He talks about the lack of affortable housing makes it where poor people become poorer due to getting evicted. When you are evicted your credit goes down. Also poor people tend to pay more for less quality.

Reading: Brooks

Brooks answers the question “what is social class”. Brooks does this by talking about the new middle class and how they are shaped by their access to higher education instead of their money. This is where the idea of meritocracy comes into play but this term still produces inequality.

Bodos

Upper middle class people who have access to higher education and live in urban areas. AKA NOVA.

meritocracy

earning something because you deserve it.

What is sociology?

Sociology is social norms/concepts we use to understand the world around us and make choices about the world. Using historical transformation and anthropoidal diversity to study sociology. It is an emergent phenomenom.

What phrase is sociology captured by?

“don’t believe everything you think”

What is the best mixture of sociology?

Functionalism “see society as all parts working together to maintain order.” and Conflict view “sees society as struggles and unequal”

Society is made up of patterns

Material/social life, ideal/values and identies

Omi and Winant's Racial Formation in America?

race is not biological but it is real because of society gives it meaning by organizing power around it. At the micro-level race shapes everyday identity and interactions. at a macro level race shapes institutions like the law, schools, housing, labor markets and even the state.

what is racial formation? Omi and Winant

the process by which racial categories are created, changed and given meaning over time.

what is the racial project? Omi and Winant

any social, political, cultural or institutional action that gives meaning to race and organizes resources or power based on race.

How does race change over time according to Omi and Winant?

Through racial projects, which shape both everyday life and major institutions.

Pager's The Mark of a Criminal Record

found that white applicants with no criminal record got the most callbacks, white applicants with a criminal record got about half as many, Black applicants without a record did worse than white applicants with a record, and Black applicants with a record did the worst of all. This shows that both race and a criminal record strongly reduce employment opportunities, and together they create a powerful form of inequality.

criminal justice system acts as a system of stratification

Feagin's Racism

argues that racism in the United States is still widespread but is often misunderstood or denied, especially by white Americans. explains that modern racism often appears in subtle forms (called “laissez-faire” or everyday racism), where whites may deny being racist but still hold stereotypes, oppose policies like affirmative action, or unknowingly participate in systems that maintain racial inequality. Overall, he argues that racism is systemic

Portes and Zhou Immigration

argue that immigrants don’t all assimilate the same way. Instead of one straight path into the middle class, there are multiple paths (“segmented assimilation”) depending on things like race, class, discrimination, community support. There are 3 paths: upward, downward, selective.

segmented assimilation

Different immigrant groups assimilate into different parts of society

Water's Optional Ethnicities

argues that ethnicity is flexible and optional for White Americans, but not for racial minorities.

White people can choose when/how to identify with an ethnicity

Non-White groups have identities that are imposed and carry real consequences

Symbolic ethnicity is a privilege of whiteness because: It allows identity to be, Chosen, Enjoyed, Ignored when inconvenient. While others Experience identity as: Fixed

Consequential, Structured by inequality

Anderson's Woman Falls

argues that the Associated Press subtly blamed a woman for her own accidental death by including irrelevant details that reinforce sexist stereotypes. Even if unintentional, the author says this reflects deeply ingrained gender bias in media, where women are often judged more harshly or blamed for what happens to them.

Lorber's The Social Construction of Gender

argues that gender is not biological or natural—it is socially constructed through everyday interactions, institutions, and power systems. explains that gender feels “natural” because it is so deeply embedded in everyday life, but it is actually something people constantly create and reinforce (“doing gender”).

Gender as a process: we actively “do” in everyday interactions. People behave in ways that match expectations for “men” or “women,” reinforcing those categories

Gender as stratification: Men generally have more power, status, and resources. Women are often devalued and subordinated. This inequality is reinforced through: Work (job segregation, pay gaps), Family roles, Cultural beliefs

Gender as a social structure: organizes society by:

Dividing labor (who does what work)

Assigning roles and responsibilities

Shaping institutions like family, economy, and politics

Connell's Hegemonic Masculinity

Hegemonic masculinity is the dominant, socially constructed form of masculinity that sustains gender inequality—but it is flexible, contested, and constantly changing. It legitimizes men’s power over women and over other men

It is normative (idealized), even if most men don’t fully live up to it.

Coontz's American Families in the 1950s

argues that the "traditional" 1950s family was actually a new and unusual development in American history, not a return to older family values. Marriage and childbirth happened earlier, divorce rates temporarily dropped, and families became more centered on the nuclear household rather than extended relatives. The ideal family focused heavily on emotional closeness, suburban living, and clear gender roles, with men as providers and women as homemakers.

Cherlin's Loves Labor Lost

argues that the 1950s male-breadwinner family—where the husband earned most of the income and the wife stayed home—was possible because of unusually strong economic conditions after World War II.

Hochschild's Understanding the Future of Fatherhood

focuses on how fatherhood is changing in the United States and argues that there is now a growing ideal of the "new father." This new father is expected not only to provide financially, but also to be emotionally involved, spend time with children, help with caregiving, and be present in everyday family life. fathers today are expected to do much more emotional work than fathers in previous generations

Clegg and Usmani's Racial Politics of Mass Incarceration

argues that the usual explanation for mass incarceration—that it was mainly caused by white racial backlash after the Civil Rights Movement—is incomplete. The authors show that many Black Americans also became more concerned about crime and supported tougher crime policies during the 1970s-1990s. they argue that the United States relied on prisons and policing because it was politically easier and cheaper than investing in large-scale social programs that could address the deeper causes of crime.

Western and Pettit's Incarceration and Social Inequality

argues that mass incarceration has become a major source of social inequality in the United States. The prison system has created a group of people who are already disadvantaged because of poverty, race, and low education, and incarceration makes their disadvantages even worse. Although prisons may reduce crime somewhat in the short term, mass incarceration weakens communities by increasing unemployment, family instability, and poverty

Conrad's Medicalization and Social Control

the process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness or disorder. He says there are several major features of medicalization: defining problems medically, expansion of medical authority, medicalization as social control

Farmer's On Suffering and Structural Violence

refers to the way social, political, and economic systems harm certain groups of people by preventing them from meeting basic needs or accessing opportunities. It is called "structural" because the harm comes from the way society is organized, not from one individual directly attacking another person.
argues that poverty, racism, sexism, unequal access to education, poor housing, lack of healthcare, and political inequality are all forms of structural violence because they make some groups more likely to suffer from illness, hunger, violence, and early death

Williams and Sternthal's Health Disparities

argues that racial health disparities are not mainly caused by biology, but by social conditions like poverty, racism, discrimination, and unequal access to resources. emphasize that race is primarily a social category, and that the unequal treatment of racial groups creates unequal living conditions that directly affect/ causes declines in health. Residential segregation plays a huge role in these health disparities. cannot only look at treatments must look at whole picture

Kolbert's Why Work?

argues that modern capitalism didn’t just develop because people wanted money (since greed has always existed). Instead, it was shaped by religious beliefs—especially Protestantism. describes modern life as an “iron cage”: People are now trapped in a system that forces them to work, even without the original religious motivation

Kolbert- disenchantment

refers to the idea that modern society has lost its sense of magic, meaning, and deeper purpose because of increasing rationality and science.

Kreider's The Busy Trap

argues that being “busy” in modern society has become a status symbol, not just a reality. People often say they’re busy as a way of showing they are important, in demand, and productive. Busyness is a “hedge against emptiness”—it reassures us that our lives matter. argues that exhaustion is class-based: working-class people experience real physical fatigue from necessary labor, while more privileged people describe themselves as “busy” due to self-imposed obligations that function as a marker of status.

Rothman's What College Can't Do

responds to critiques of elite colleges and argues that college is often blamed for problems that are actually caused by modern society itself. Anxiety, busyness, and lack of meaning exist everywhere, not just at elite schools.argues that colleges can’t fix students’ anxiety or lack of purpose because these problems come from modern society itself, not from higher education.

Ehrenreich's Bright Sided

critiques the American obsession with “positive thinking”, arguing that it is not just a mindset—but an ideology that shapes how people understand success, failure, and reality. Positive thinking supports modern capitalism by:

Encouraging people to want more and keep consuming

Justifying inequality (“success = mindset”)

Helping businesses avoid responsibility for failures

racial formation theory

explains race as a social and political construct rather than a fixed biological reality. They argue that race is continuously shaped and reshaped through "racial projects," which are
social, political, and cultural efforts that interpret and organize racial meanings in society. Through these ongoing struggles over power and representation, racial
categories and racial inequalities are constantly created, transformed, and contested.

why is racism hard for college students to talk about?

It is difficult for college students to have conversations about race because people who don't experience racism believe racism is a thing of the past. They believe that they are not racist but still hold racial stereotypes and contribute to racial inequality. When black Americans say that they still experience discrimination today, it makes people uncomfortable which enforces racism even more. Racism is so deeply embedded into American society, and if it wasn't, it would be easier to talk about.

What does Waters mean by symbolic ethnicity? Is it a privilege?

is a voluntary, low-cost expression of ethnic identity, and it is a privilege because it can be chosen without facing discrimination or structural consequences. It’s not deeply tied to discrimination, identity struggles, or life chances—it’s more about personal identity and choice.

According to Portes and Zhou, what are the three main pathways of incorporation?

Immigrant assimilation is segmented, meaning people follow different paths depending on their social environment.

Upward Assimilation: Immigrants. integrate into the white middle class. Adopt dominant cultural norms, Gain education, stable jobs, upward mobility.

Downward Assimilation: Immigrants (especially second generation) assimilate into the urban underclass and face poverty, discrimination, failing schools. May adopt oppositional culture toward mainstream society. Leads to limited mobility or decline.

Selective Acculturation: Immigrants adapt to U.S. society while maintaining strong ties to their original culture. Family and ethnic communities provide support, discipline, resources. This often leads to successful upward mobility while preserving identity

What do Connell and Messerschmitt mean by "hegemonic masculinity"

as the dominant and most socially valued way of being a man in a given society. It is not necessarily how most men actually behave, but it represents an ideal that legitimizes men’s dominance over women and also creates a hierarchy among men. Other masculinities (like subordinated or marginalized ones) are judged in relation to this dominant standard, and even men who don’t fully embody it can still benefit from it.

According to Cherlin, what structural changes since the 1950s have led to significant changes in family structure?

Economic changes in labor market have led to significant changes in family structure. In the 1950s, there were many manufacturing jobs that didn't require a college degree
available to men that provided well paying, stable work. This work began disappearing in the 70s because factories moved overseas and production was done by machines.
This made it harder for working class men to support their family on one income, so women had to start working as well, leading to a lower marriage and birth rate. People
started getting married later, having children outside of marriage, and having unstable family structure

How is the emotion work done by fathers different from the emotion work done by mothers?

Fathers today are expected to do more emotional work than fathers from previous generations because they are now expected to have an emotional presence in their children's lives as opposed to older generations where fathers were only expected to make money and maintain authority. Now, fathers are expected to be actively involved daily in their children's life, guide them, and care for them like a mother would, and not just provide financial support.

Western and Pettit three types of inequality caused by mass incarceration

Invisible inequality: prisoners are often left out of statistics on poverty and unemployment, so the whole population of people incarcerated is essentially invisible when looking at poverty and unemployment rates.
Cumulative inequality: criminal/prison records making it all the more difficult for people to get jobs and be financially stable which reinforces poverty and unemployment. Intergenerational inequality: incarceration affects entire families and children, not just the person in prison. Imprisonment leads to decreased family stability for generations and makes it more likely for children to struggle later in life.

According to Conrad, what are the major features of medicalization?

defining problems medically, social control, and expansion of medicine as an authority. Defining problems medically refers to issues, behaviors, or conditions that were previously seen as moral or personal issues now as medical issues. This can include disorders like depression, anxiety, ADHD, and addiction. The social control aspect of medicalization refers to how medicine regulates people through diagnosis and treatment as opposed to punishing people morally or legally. Addiction is also another good example of this as it used to be viewed a moral problem and people would be heavily judged for having an addiction, but now it is viewed as a medical condition requiring treatment. The expansion of medicine as an authority means that medical professionals become the dominant authority for defining problems, and people become more reliant on their professional knowledge.

According to Williams and Sternthal, what role does residential segregation play in health disparities?

can directly lead to health disparities because of the lack of resources/healthcare in poorer areas. Residential segregation is one of the main forms of institutional racism which involves minorities being concentrated in neighborhoods with less resources, poor housing conditions, less access to healthy foods, lower education etc. This creates a difference in health between white Americans and minorities because the minorities have significantly less access to health resources making healthy behaviors harder and increasing stress, which lead to many health problems down the road.

According to Farmer, what is structural violence?

the way certain groups of people, specifically minorities, are harmed by social, political, and economic systems preventing them from having basic necessities. The harm is caused by society's organization and not direct attacks from individuals which is why it is referred to as structural.

According to Kreider, how is the experience of exhaustion shaped by class location?

argues that exhaustion between different social classes is distinct. Working class people experience real physical exhaustion due to long hours, multiple jobs, and manual labor. Upper/middle class peoples' exhaustion is self imposed by career ambition, over-scheduling, and obligations, which they need to feel important and successful.

According to Ehrenreich, how is "positive thinking " symbiotic with American capitalism.

reinforce each other. Capitalism depends on people always wanting more and never being satisfied, and positive thinking reinforces this because it makes people develop a mindset of deserving and accomplishing more which fuels the desire of consumers. Positive mindsets also claim success in society comes from optimism and believing one can achieve anything if they put their mind to it. Consequently, failure, whether that is job loss, financial instability, etc., is seen is a personal fault rather than the result of a capitalist society. Capitalism doesn't take the blame for those structural problems; mindset does.

where does the concept of race come from?

A recognition of human difference is primordial, but the content and extent of that difference is not.
Race originally designated any national or ethnic group

Two developments of the understanding of race

Linear sense of history/progress
-non-contemporaneity of the contemporaneous: idea that, if there is one scale of development, some groups and places can be ahead or behind relative to each other; this replaces a more straightforwardly primordial us vs. them. Great Chain of Being
Scientific Revolution: Taxonomic impulse
Began in the Enlightenment.

monogenism

Single origin theory. Consistent with the bible.

Polygenism

Species theory held that human "races" were different lineages, or even entirely different species.

modern evolutionary perspectives

Since the 1940s, evolutionary scientists have rejected the concept of race based on physical characteristics-phenotypes. Such categories lack taxonomic validity.
Definitions of race are imprecise, arbitrary, derived from customs, had many exceptions and gradations. Number varied according to culture being examined and culture doing the examining.

population genetics

The proportion of human variation that can be explained statistically by race is insignificant. If it can be found that the relative degree of variation among races was significant compared to the variation within a single race, then race could be a statistically valid concept; however, if the relative degree of variation among races was not significant compared to the variation within a race, then race would have to be seen as a less statistically valid measure of biological differences.

ethnicity

Ethnos refers to ancestry, also nationality (natio-birth)
Heritage, culture, tradition, physical traits, geographical origins, language, common past (real or invented): all of these or some of these
Self-defined vs. other-defined

race is socially constructed

W.I. Thomas: Situations perceived as real are real in their
consequences
To say that Race is social constructed does not mean that there are no consequential racial differences. Quite the contrary.

structural racism

Beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, structures overt racism, convert racism, institutional racism, cultural/civilizational racism. Racism can be expressed in institutions as well as in attitudes. Stigma: denial, covering, passing, internalization. Structures can yield "racism without racists".

the social construction of reality

Just because something is socially constructed does not mean anything can be constructed any which way. It means 1) situations constructed that and perceived as real — are real in their consequences 2) you cannot construct reality in any way you want.

Ethnicity vs. National Origin

the borders of nations are often artificial and changing. Some nation states comprise many ethnicity

4 kinds of immigration

Classical: countries such as Canada, Australia, US.: Nations of Immigrants. Quotas . Changing openness. Differential openness
Colonial: countries such as France, UK.: immigrants from former colonies
Guest worker: countries such as Germany, Switzerland
Immigrants adopted on a temporary basis, no citizenship Assimilation . Repatriation
Illegal: secret entrance or pretense

push factors

Dynamics within a country of origin that force people to emigrate, such as war, famine, political oppression, and population pressures

pull factors

Features of destination countries that attract immigrations, such as prosperous labor markets, better living conditions, lower population density

Jus Solis (Law of Land) Citizenship

citizenship defined by birth

Jus Sanguinis (Law of Blood) Citizenship

Citizenship defined
by ethnicity

macro level factors

Overarching issues such as the political situation, laws and regulations, changes in international economy

micro level factors

Factors concerned with the resources, knowledge, and understandings
-mythology, fear, aspiration

diasporas

Refers to dispersal of an ethnic population from a homeland into foreign area.
• Scattered geographically, but unified culturally: history, collective memory, ethnic or religious identities

enclaves

Geographically and culturally separate: voluntary vs. forced

sex vs. gender

Belief that sex is biologically determined and gender is socially learned.

gender socialization

is gender socialization a smooth process of learning and coming into identities, or a rough process of being forced into roles?

Gender roles

what other roles do we play? What advantage is there to talking about social identities as roles?

contemporary gender cliches

Females: soft, emotional, connective, collaborative, warm, small, rooted, nurturing
Male: hard, rational, individual, independent, cold, large, mobile, protective

Gender Inequality

differences in status, power, and prestige of women and men and of sexual identities/practices
Do women and men have equal access to valued social resources (which begs the question of what social resources are valued): food, money, power, time? Do women and men have equal, or equivalent, life options?