APUSH Final Exam Study Guide (AI)

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What is the White Man’s Burden?

The belief that white/American and European nations had a duty to civilize and govern nonwhite peoples; used to justify imperialism

Describe the First and Second Great Migrations and their consequences.

The First Great Migration (1910s-1930s) and Second Great Migration (1940s-1970s) involved African Americans moving from the rural South to Northern and Western cities for jobs and to escape segregation; consequences included urban growth

Describe some new inventions of the late 1920’s and the societal changes they brought.

Automobiles

What is a trust (monopoly)? What are some US efforts to regulate them?

A trust/monopoly is when one company controls an entire industry; the US regulated them with the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and Theodore Roosevelt’s trust-busting policies

Describe the Social Reform (Progressive) movement between 1865-1900.

The Progressive movement aimed to fix problems caused by industrialization such as corruption

Who were some Progressive leaders?

Theodore Roosevelt

What laws were passed because of Progressive efforts?

Pure Food and Drug Act

What is Yellow Journalism?

Exaggerated or sensationalized news reporting used to attract readers

How did Yellow Journalism contribute to the Spanish-American War?

Newspapers exaggerated Spanish cruelty in Cuba and blamed Spain for the USS Maine explosion

Describe what happened during the Spanish-American War.

The US fought Spain in Cuba and the Philippines in 1898; the US defeated Spain quickly and gained territories like Puerto Rico

Who were important people/events in the Spanish-American War?

Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

Describe Harding’s administration.

Warren G. Harding served from 1921-1923

Describe Wilson’s administration.

Woodrow Wilson led during WWI

Describe Coolidge’s administration.

Calvin Coolidge supported limited government

Describe Hoover’s administration.

Herbert Hoover believed in limited government response during the Great Depression and was criticized for not doing enough to help struggling Americans

What were the causes of WWI?

Militarism

Who were the leaders of the combatant nations in WWI?

Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany

What caused the Great Depression?

Stock market speculation

What was the Dust Bowl?

A severe drought and poor farming practices in the Great Plains during the 1930s that caused dust storms and ruined farms

What were the causes of WWII?

Aggressive expansion by Germany

Who were the leaders of the combatant nations in WWII?

Adolf Hitler

Describe some new weapons used during WWI.

Machine guns

Why was WWI such a terrible conflict?

Trench warfare and modern weapons caused massive casualties and destruction

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

President James Monroe’s policy warning European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere

What was the Truman Doctrine?

Harry Truman’s policy of supporting nations resisting communism

Who came up with the White Man’s Burden concept?

Rudyard Kipling popularized the idea

What was Wilson’s League of Nations?

An international organization proposed by Woodrow Wilson to prevent future wars

How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to WWII?

It punished Germany harshly with reparations and blame

Describe the process of building the Panama Canal.

The US supported Panama’s independence from Colombia

Who built the Panama Canal?

The United States under Theodore Roosevelt

Why was the Panama Canal built?

To improve trade and allow faster naval movement between oceans

What was the purpose of the Great White Fleet?

Theodore Roosevelt sent the fleet around the world to show US naval power

What policy did the Great White Fleet support?

Big Stick Diplomacy

What was the purpose of the National Security Act?

It reorganized the military after WWII and created the Department of Defense

What was NSC-68?

A Cold War document calling for increased military spending to contain communism

What were the causes of the Korean conflict?

Korea was divided after WWII; communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950

Who was blamed for the Korean conflict?

Communist North Korea and its supporters China and the Soviet Union

Why did the US drop the atomic bomb on Japan?

To force Japan’s surrender quickly and avoid a costly invasion

Should the US have dropped the atomic bomb?

Historians debate whether it saved lives or caused unnecessary civilian deaths

Describe the Civil Rights Movement.

A movement to end segregation and racial discrimination and gain equal rights for African Americans

Who were leaders of the Civil Rights Movement?

Martin Luther King Jr.

Where did major Civil Rights events occur?

Montgomery

What did the Civil Rights Movement accomplish?

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Describe Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s political ideas.

FDR believed government should actively help citizens during economic crises

What was the New Deal?

A series of programs and reforms designed to fight the Great Depression

Did the New Deal work?

It helped relieve suffering and reform the economy

Why was the New Deal needed?

Massive unemployment

What were major ideas in the environmental movement?

Conservation

What were major ideas in the feminist movement?

Equal rights

What were major ideas in the Latino movement?

Farm workers’ rights

What were major ideas in the Consumer Products movement?

Safer products and protection from unfair business practices

What were major ideas in the Indian movement?

Native American rights

What events brought about the Cold War?

Tensions between the US and Soviet Union after WWII over communism and global influence

Who were the two sides in the Cold War?

The United States and its allies versus the Soviet Union and its allies

What events were linked to the Cold War?

Berlin Airlift

How did the US become involved in the Vietnam War?

The US supported South Vietnam to stop the spread of communism under the Domino Theory

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval strategist who believed strong navies were key to world power and influenced US imperialism

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president known for trust-busting

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader who fought against Spain and later against US control of the Philippines

Hyman G. Rickover

Father of the nuclear navy

W.H. Taft

President who continued trust-busting and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Woodrow Wilson

President during WWI who proposed the League of Nations

Kaiser Wilhelm

German emperor during WWI

Czar Nicholas II

Last ruler of Russia before the Russian Revolution

Rasputin/Alexandra

Mystical advisor and Russian empress blamed for influencing the weak Russian monarchy

Karl Marx

Philosopher who developed communism

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and founder of the Soviet Union

Alvin York

American WWI hero known for capturing many German soldiers

Gavrilo Princip

Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who exposed meatpacking conditions in The Jungle

Warren G. Harding

President associated with scandals like Teapot Dome

Calvin Coolidge

President known for limited government and pro-business policies

Herbert Hoover

President during the start of the Great Depression

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President during the Great Depression and WWII who created the New Deal

Henry Wallace

FDR’s vice president and supporter of liberal reforms

Joseph McCarthy

Senator who accused people of being communists during the Red Scare

Harry S. Truman

President who used atomic bombs and started containment policies

Dwight D. Eisenhower

WWII general and president during much of the Cold War

Martin Luther King

Jr.

Malcolm X

Civil rights leader who promoted Black empowerment and self-defense

Eugene “Bull” Connor

Birmingham official known for violently opposing civil rights protesters

John F. Kennedy

President during the Cuban Missile Crisis and early Civil Rights Movement

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Lyndon Johnson

President who passed Great Society reforms and expanded the Vietnam War

Richard Nixon

President involved in Watergate and Vietnamization

Gerald Ford

President who pardoned Nixon after Watergate

Margaret Sanger

Activist who promoted birth control and women’s reproductive rights

George Marshall

General and creator of the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe

Cesar Chavez

Latino labor leader who fought for farm workers’ rights

Susan B. Anthony

Women’s suffrage leader

Dean Acheson

Secretary of State who helped shape containment policy

George Kennan

Diplomat who developed the policy of containment

Adolf Hitler

Dictator of Nazi Germany during WWII

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy

Neville Chamberlain

British prime minister associated with appeasement

Mao Zedong

Communist leader of China

Douglas MacArthur

American general in WWII and Korea

William McKinley

President during the Spanish-American War

Jimmy Carter

President known for the Camp David Accords and energy crisis response