BIO102 Exam3

Major Histocompatibility Complex

A set of proteins on the surface of cells

_________ are chemicals that allow cells to communicate with each other

Cytokines

An abnormal reaction by the immune system to a harmless substance

Allergy

The _____ helps the body maintain its balance of fluid between tissues and blood

Kidney

The female ureter is ______ than the male ureter

Equal

The female urethra is ________ than the male urethra

shorter

Which are fat-soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, and K

The action by smooth muscles moving food along the digestive tract is called:

Peristalsis

To increase surface area for absorption of nutrients, the epithelial cells lining the small intestine have:

villi and microvilli

The digestive tract section where vitamin K is produced and absorbed is the:

large intestine

What is malnourishment?

Lacking in calories, minerals

What does “essential” mean in nutrition?

Necessary and our bodies can’t make it, so it must be ingested.

Which molecules do we NOT need to ingest?

nucleic acids

What are the parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What are minerals?

Inorganic molecules that we need to eat in small amounts.

What are vitamins?

Organic molecules that we need to eat in small amounts

Which part of the digestive tract has smooth and skeletal muscle controlling it?

Esophagus

Where is bile stored before it is released into the small intestine?

Gall bladder

What is a function of the liver in the digestive system?

To check, modify, and detoxify chemicals in blood coming from the small intestine

What does the pancreas produce to neutralize acidic chyme entering the small intestine?

Bicarbonate

Where does carbohydrate chemical digestion begin?

Oral cavity

Where does carbohydrate chemical digestion finish?

Small intestine

Where does protein chemical digestion begin?

Stomach

Where does protein chemical digestion finish?

Small intestine

Where does lipid chemical digestion begin?

Small intestine

Where does lipid chemical digestion finish?

Small intestine

Natural killer cells are a type of ________ cell

lymphocytes

The efferent arteriole has _______ diameter than the afferent arteriole

an equal

The lymph system has 2 main functions: to maintain ______ _______ between tissues and blood and protecting the body against _________.

osmotic balance, infection

A, B, and Rh (used to designate blood type), are _________ of the presence/absence of A, B, or Rh antigens on the surface of red blood cells

indications

Fluid transfer from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule:

is caused by high pressure in the glomerular capillaries

In a nephron, glucose and other molecules are returned to the blood from the filtrate by:

reabsorption

In a nephron, glucose and other molecules are put into the nephron tubule from the blood by:

secretion

In the kidney, blood cells are only in:

peritubular capillaries and other blood vessels

What are antigens?

foreign molecules that start an immune response

What starts any immune response by any part of the immune system?

A non-self or foreign cell or part of a foreign cell or a molecule

Stomach and vaginal acidity, mucus, coughs and sneezes, and lysozymes in tears and sweat are all examples of:

innate immunity

Cave art by early humans sometimes included pictures of humans showing signs of an inflammatory response. What might these signs be?

Swelling and redness

The complement protein system is made of:

proteins that attach to pathogens and draw attention to them or kill them by piercing holes in them.

“Innate” in the innate immune system means:

born with

Identify number 1

Proximal convoluted tubule

Identify number 2

Efferent arteriole

Identify number 3

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Identify number 4

Distal convoluted tubule

Identify number 5

Afferent arteriole

Identify number 6

Glomerular/Bowman’s capsule

Identify number 7

Descending limb of the loop of Henle

Identify number 8

Collecting duct

Identify number 9

Glomerular capillaries

What do the glomerular capillaries and the glomerular capsule make up?

The glomerulus