Animal Nutrition - 12 fat soluble vitamins

What are the two types of vitamins?

Fat soluble and water soluble.

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A, D, E, K.

What are the water soluble vitamins?

B and C.

Why are vitamins considered essential?

Vitamins are essential compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body.

Who coined the term 'vitamin'?

Kasimierz Funk, derived from 'vita' which means life in Latin.

What were some of the first vitamins isolated?

Niacin and Vitamin A, D

What were some of the last vitamins isolated?

B-12 and Folic acid

Where are lipid-soluble vitamins absorbed?

In the intestine, requiring bile

Where are lipid-soluble vitamins stored?

In adipose and liver

Where are lipid-soluble vitamins excreted?

In fecal

What fat-soluble are toxic

A and D

What are lipid-soluble vitamins composed of?

C, H, O

Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

In the intestine

Where are water soluble vitamins stored?

Very limited

Where are water soluble vitamins excreted?

Through urine

What are water soluble vitamins comprised of?

C, H, O, N, S, Co

What vitamins are relatively stable?

E, B12, Folic acid, Pyridoxine, Thiamin

What vitamins are not very stable? and how?

A, D, C, K

- moisture, high temp, rancid fat, trace minerals, light

What affects the degradation of vitamins overtime

Heat, light, oxygen, moisture, metals

What are natural occurring forms of vitamin A

retinal, retinol, retinoid acid

What are types of vitamin D

1, 25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol

What is a type of vitamins E

a-tocopherol

What are types of vitamin K

phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione

What carotenoids can be converted to Vitamin A?

B-carotene

What 2 factors relate to differences in B-carotene to Vit A

1. Species ability to absorb BC

2. Presence of enzyme to convert

What species lack the enzyme to from Vit A from B-carotene

Dogs, cats, and other carnivores

How do developing and developed countries conversion of carotenoids differ?

Developed = 30% from fruit and veg; >70% from animal products

Developing = 70% from carotenoids

What are some properties of carotenoids?

Lipid soluble. Susceptible to heat and oxidation.

Where is Vitamin A stored?

Mainly liver

- some in fat, blood

What are sources of Vitamin A?

fish oil, egg yolk, milk, green veggies/forages, fruits

Vitamin A Retinol equivalent

1 μg of retinol = 1RE

12 μg β-carotene = 1RE

Vitamin A International Units

1 IU = 0.344 μg retinoic acetate= 0.3 μg retinal

10,000 IU = 3000 μg or about 4x daily requirement in humans

What are the primary functions of Vitamin A?

It is crucial for vision, gene expression, and maintaining epithelial integrity.

What deficiency can result from a lack of Vitamin A?

anorexia, decreased growth, infection, night blindness, xerothalmia, pneumonia, metaplasia, incoordination, enteritis, nephrosis, cleft palate, abnormal estrus, resorption of fetus

What does Vitamin A control at the molecular level?

Gene expression and enzyme activity

What is Xerophthalmia

Dryness of cornea and conjuctvia

What is Night Blindness

Loss of visual acuity in dim light after exposure to bright light

- key sign of Vit A deficiency

Where are epithelial cells found

eye, respiratory/ gastrointestinal/ reproductive/ urinogenital tracts

What does a deficiency in Vitamin A in epithelial cells do

• More susceptibility to disease & parasites

• Impaired reproduction: implantation, abortion, retainedplacenta

• Kidney & bladder stones & inflammation

What other disease does a Vitamin A deficiency line up with

Malaria

What is the role of carotenoids?

Carotenoids can be converted to Vitamin A and have antioxidant properties.

What form of Vit D do plants have? Animals?

Ergosterol + UV = Vit D2

7-Dehydrocholesterol + UV = Vit D3

What happened to Vit D1?

it was simply a mixture of compounds rather than a pure vit D

How is vitamin D activated?

The sun reaches the skin and cholesterol is converted to Vitamin D and taken into the liver and kidney

What is Vitamin D's primary function?

Regulates calcium and phosphorus utilization and absorption

What are the consequences of Vitamin D deficiency in young animals?

Rickets.

What are the consequences of Vitamin D deficiency in mature animals?

Osteomalacia

What are other vitamin D deficiency issues?

Malformation of fetus, higher colon cancer and heart disease. In poultry, decreased egg production and thin shells

What happens with a vitamin D toxicity?

Too much Ca from intestine and bone. Ca and P in soft tissues.

What are calcinogenic plants

Poisonous plants that cause soft tissue calcification.

- Ex. Cestrum Durum = Day-blooming jessamine

Where is Vitamin D stored?

In liver as 25(OH)D3

What is a major source of Vitamin D?

Liver, egg yolk, fish oils, sun-cured roughages

Vitamin D Retinol equivalent

1 IU = 0.025 μg D3

Vitamin D International Unit

1 μg D3 = 40 IU

Is vitamin D a real vitamin?

Is synthesized in the body, not always in sufficient amounts. So its essential and not a true vitamin

What is vitamin D added into milk as

A steroid hormone

What is the main function of Vitamin E?

Antioxidant and "anti-sterility" vitamin

What deficiency issues are associated with Vitamin E?

Reproductive issues and nutritional muscular dystrophy.

How does a vitamin E deficiency affect female repro?

fetal resorption and death

How does a vitamin E deficiency affect male repro?

Degeneration of testes

What species does hepatic necrosis affect?

Rats and pigs

What species does exudative diathesis and encephalomalacia affect?

Chickens

What species does nutritional muscular dystrophy affect?

lambs, calves, turkey, pigs

What are sources of vitamin E?

Green forages, leafy vegetables, cereal grains (esp. in germ)

Vitamin E International unit

1 mg DL α-tocopherol = 1 IU

1 mg D α-tocopherol = 1.49 IU

Vitamin E toxicity

very low - high tolerance

What is Vitamin K known for?

It is essential for blood clotting aka "anti-hemorrhagic factor"

How does Vit K help blood clotting

Synthesis of prothrombin + other blood clotting factors

What do coumarin drugs do

Inhibit reduction of vit K epoxide to vit K

What are vitamin K antagonists

Used as an anticoagulant for heat attacks and strokes

- sweet clover can cause animals to bled to death

What are the three types of Vitamin K?

K1 = Phylloquinone, K2 = Menaquinone, and K3 = Menadione.

What is vitamin K synthesized by in ruminants

By rumen bacteria

Where is vitamin K synthesized in non-ruminants

In large intestine, some coprophagy (eating poop)

what is a vit k deficiency

Prolonged blood clotting time

What can cause Vitamin K deficiency?

Antibiotics that kill gut bacteria or anticoagulant drugs.

What is the recommended daily intake of Vitamin D for adults in the US?

600 IU/day.

What is the relationship between Vitamin A and carotenoids in humans?

In developed countries, less than 30% of Vitamin A comes from carotenoids; over 70% comes from animal products.

What is the primary storage site for Vitamin A in the body?

The liver.

What is the effect of Vitamin A toxicity?

Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and fetal abnormalities.

What is the historical significance of Golden Rice?

It is genetically modified to contain beta-carotene to combat Vitamin A deficiency.

What is the primary source of Vitamin E?

Green forages, leafy vegetables, and cereal grains.

How does Vitamin D function as a hormone?

It increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the digestive tract.

What are the symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity?

Excessive calcium absorption leading to deposition in soft tissues.

What is the significance of Vitamin K in blood clotting?

It is necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors.

What is the impact of Vitamin A deficiency on children?

It can lead to blindness and increased susceptibility to infections.

What is the role of Vitamin E in cellular health?

It protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.

What is the relationship between Vitamin K and anticoagulants?

Anticoagulants like warfarin inhibit Vitamin K, affecting blood clotting.

What is the conversion rate of beta-carotene to Vitamin A in humans?

12 beta-carotene molecules are needed to produce 1 Vitamin A molecule.

What are the consequences of Vitamin A deficiency in livestock?

Increased susceptibility to disease, impaired reproduction, and vision issues.