Bio Foundations Lab Practical 2

Define the Human Microbiome

A diverse community of prokaryotes

Are all Prokaryotes pathogenic?

No only a select few

Define a Pathogen

A bacteria able to cause diesease

Quorum sensing in bacteria is dependent on……

Population Density

Which 2 characteristics are observed in the fast plant Activity?

Stem Color, Stem Length

Define a monohybrid Cross

When you cross a Punnett square of a single trait

Define a Dihybrid Cross

When you cross a punnet square with 2 traits

What is important for enrichment cultures of bacteria?

Temperature, Nutrients, and Substrate

Define Bioluminescence

Emisson of light by a living organism via an enzyme catalyzed reaction

Define Quorom sensing

A type of cell signaling in unicellular organisms; cell a activity changes when the population reaches a threshold size

Define Pathogenicity

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease is a susceptible host

In electorpherisis DNA has a _____ charge

Negative

In electrophoresis DNA runs toward the _____ node

Red

In electrophoresis what color matches the largest band of DNA

Blue

Which Stage does Crossing occur in meiosis?

Prophase 1

Which phase of meiosis homologous chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite poles?

Anaphase 1

What type of trait must have 2 alleles to be expressed?

Recessive

What is the Phenotype of ffbb

Cystic Fibrosis and Blue eyes

What is the Phenotype of FfBB

Someone who is a carrier of cf and brown eyes

DNA will migrate towards the….

Positive electrode

______ is used to dissolve agarose powder

TAE Buffer

Once set Gels are submerged in______ to run

TAE

What is used to cut DNA at a specific sequence?

Restriction Enzyme

Define Virulence

the capacity of a pathogen (like bacteria, viruses, or fungi) to damage a host, representing how dangerous or infectious a disease is

Define Antibiotics

Medine that fights and kills bacteria

Define Morphology

the study of the form, structure, and configuration of organisms (in biology)

Which Proess produces 2 new cells?

Mitosis

Which process produces haploid cells?

Meiosis

Which process involves cytokenisis

Meiosis and Mitosis

Which process 4 new cells?

Meiosis

Which process is important for growth repair and replacement of tissues?

Mitosis

Define DNA

The molecule that carries all of the genetic info for life

Define Chromatin

Mixture of DNA RNA and proteins in the nucleus

Define Chromosome

Thread like structures located inside of the nucleus

Define Homologus chromosome

Pairs of matching chromosomes in diploid

Define a sister chromatid

One of 2 identical copies of a replicated chromosome

Define a Centromere

Attachment point of spindle fibers

Why does Dr Bassler consider humans 90-99% bacteria?

Bacterial cells outnumber humans 10:1 and the gens of ur body are more other organisms than human

List 3 important functions of the bacteria in humans

Digest food, help immune systes and provide vitamins

What is the symbiosis between Vibrio Fisheri and Bobtail squid?

The squid is nocturnal and needs light from the bacteria and it senses this and makes light so it doesn’t have a shadow

How does quorom sensing work?

The bacteria sense a signal when the populairton is dense and they alll turn on at once.

How does quorom sensing contribute to virulence?

allows bacteria to coordinate the expression of virulence factors based on population density.

What does it mean that bacteria are multilingual?

Bacteria can respond to multiple different signaling models

What are the ways that antibiotics work?

They kill bacteria/popthe membrane/and modify behavior

Define Phenotype

Observable characteristics/traits

Define Genotype

The genetic pattern of the organism

Define First Filial F1

When parents are crossed, distinct and homozygous

Define Second Filial F2

The crossing of F1 offspring

Where does Mitosis Occur?

Somatic Cells

Where does meiosis occur?

Germ cells

What is the function of Mitosis?

It makes identical cells

What is the function of Meiosis?

It makes gametes

How many cell divisions in mitosis?

2

How many cell divisons in meiosis?

4

Meiosis makes genetically______ cells

Unique

When does DNA replication occur?

Interphase

What holds sister chromatids together?

Centromere

The orientation of chromosomes during metaphase is_____

Random

what is the function of a restriction enzyme when preparing a DNA sample in electropherisis?

To cut DNA at specific spots so we can see differences

What voltage is the gel ran at?

125

How many bands do you expect to see for someone who is homozygous dominant(No cf gene)?

1 band

What type of feedback loop is the hypothalamus→pituitary gland→gonad

Negative feedback loop

Define a negative feedback loop

Its when something gets turned off

Define Cystic Fibrosis

A genetic disease that affects a few organs in the body by clogging them with sticky mucus, it slows the diffusion of chloride molecules

Define Gel electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA Fragments according to their size

What does the mutant gene look like in gel electrophoresis?

It is one single larger piece of DNA

Define Fast plants

Raoid cycling brassicas are used in research

Define the endocrine system

A messenger system in an organism using feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands and are released into the circulatory system

Define hormones

Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body.