History Quiz 30 years war or wtv

King Philip (1527-98)

• Part of the Hapsburg Family

• Ruled spain at its height

• King of spain, protugal, Duke of milan and more

• Married Mary I and super powerful guy

• Devoutly Catholic

Spain during 1500s/16th century

• bad political system so Philip struggled with power

• inefficient tax system + small population = Monarchy with little revenue

• Revenue from the new world is not enough for domestic + foreign policies creating a bankrupt state

  • bankrupcy lead to provinces of NETH to declare independence from ___ led to 80 years war

England in 16th Cent

• Henry 8th dies 28 jan 1547

Mary I of England (1553-58) aka bl00dy mary

• Catholic marries Philip II

• tries to restore catholicism by burning people at the stake

  • fails at restoring catholicism but strengthens englands economy thru trade

Elizabeth I Boleyns Daughter (ruled from 1558-1603)

• Elizabethan era (shakespeare)

• Virgin Queen

• 44 years stabilized english throne

Anglo SP Wars (unofficial 1585-1605)

• SP is upset that ENG is interfering with their affairs

  • ENG was supporting NETH independence from SP

    • Catholic vs Protestant

ENG Privateering

• ENG vessels raid + capture SP treasure ships returning from New world

  • Sir Francis Drake

Anglo Spanish War

• TP causing SP to lose control of oceans to ENG)

• SP wanted to invade and over throw Elizabeth

• SP Armada (1588) was created

  • poorly executed and led

  • harassed by ENG ships and destroyed by storms

  • Massive defeat accomplished nothing

• ENG Armada created in response (but defeated and nothing accomplished)

After Anglo-SP war

• Full of failure war

  • served to est ENG dominance of seas

  • Elizabeth created eng to be confident homogenous nation bc of

    • SP armada

    • Stability of her long reign

  • Became a major player

  • SP now lacked resources to protect their fractured empire

the 30 years war (World War 0)

1618-1649

Redrew the European map

Long term Causes of 30 year war (Pt1)

Political and religious

• SP & ENG tensions

• German religious/political divisions

  • provinces spllit into the catholic league and protestant union

• There was a fear of the Hapsbergs wo ruled SP and Austria

• SP vs France & NETH

  • North Neth achieved independence from SP = United Provinces

    • had powerful navy + Amsterdam becoming rich

  • FR didnt want SP to gain the Provinces back so SP power encircled France

Long term Causes of 30 year war (Pt2)

Religious + political tension = 1600 europe polarized into 2 camps (mostly defined by religion)

• Protestant: German Protestants, ENG, Swedes, Catholic France, Ottomans (wanted poland)

• Catholic: Germ Catholics, SP, Austria, SP Neth, Poland

• Tensions rose to an arms race (competition for good army and weapons = lots of violence)

Short term Causes of 30 year war

Ferdinand II (AUS Hapsberg heir and ruler of HRE eventually) persecuted Aus Protestants

• they asked for aid from Catholic germs

• Ferd called the Catholic germs

  • Totality= german civil wat and struggle of power in europe

• Catholic forces in HRE, SP, Aus were going to win but France and swedes intervene (1648)

  • Treaty Westphalia ended it

Outcomes of war

• germany destroyed (1/2 pop died and towns/villages ruined)

• Hapsbergs contained to aus

• Spain being busy loses their territory and their power is reduced

  • ends the 80 year war = independence for Dutch Republic

  • loses portugal to independence movement

Outcomes of Wesphalia

• Germany divided into states (HRE has no political power anymore)

• Helped est. sovereign nation states

  • fixed european boundries

  • relationship between ruler and subjects changes

    • citizens subjected to laws of their own government and not anyother religious authority

other outcomes

• ended religious war since reformation

• rise in national armies

• 1st major war also included fighting in european colonies

Medieval institutions in Britain

• Fedudal system

• Magna carta (1215) BR lords control taxation = power

  • led to BR parliament in 1265

    • MPs= Feudal Nobles/wealthy ppl in nation

    • Represented nobles w wide variety of political interests and new gentry (new nobles from wealthy ppl)

15th-16th century Centralization of power

Henry 7/8th centralizes power on monarchy

• bureaucracy created

• no more catholics

1534 power is centralized in BR

• centralization of power = inclusive institutions bc inclusiveness requires government influence to be present

  • like 1400s serfdom in the monarchies eyes it was finished but barons wouldn’t listen)

Why is centralization of power needed?

needed because exclusive institutions create a powerless country w/o powerful institutions

Powerful institutions are needed before inclusiveness can exist

How did the BR monarchy gain power?

• thru absolutism and no pluralism

• their power was offset from weak parliament and weak nobles and wealthy citizens

  • cent. of power was to make society more extractive to benefit monarch and allies

What was BR worried about during cent of power?

• Nobels who reacted by trying to strengthen parliament at monarchys expense

• Peasants revolted in 1381 onward trying to strengthen themselves at the expense of nobles and monarchy

• Resulted in a spectrum of opponents to absolutism and therefore basis of true plurialism

Critical Juncture: Atlantic trade (consequence of power=changed how BR reacted to Atl Trade)

• distinguishing factor of BR were small in BR compared to west europe

SP, FR, BR similarities in Atl Trade

• monarchs ruled

  • ultimate power + most important institution in state

• institutions meant to restrict monarchy power

  • Estates General, Cortes, Parliament (first two had no real power so profits from trade went to monarchs)

• Atl trade affected all nations

BR monarchs distinction from other european countries

• monarchs could not monopolize Atl trade

  • Parliament won the right for people to participate in Atl Trade

• large groups of wealthy traders were able to exist (powerful group, accidental pluralism)

  • traders didnt like monarchs so they got more involved in Gov affairs and demanded monarchs have less control (Important for civil war and glorious rev)

Monopoly meaning

exclusive possession or control over trade in service/commodity

• bad bc you can inflate prices and give a bad product and still make money

• this hinders development and innovation

Why were monopolys created

to benefit the king

• you mush buy the monopoly from the king

• king owns the buyers success and has power in them

Atl Trade did what for individuals

it strengthened individuals and not the monarchy, this + institutional differences + historical contingencies = rev and civ war

Road to Civil War

Jame I (ruled 1603-25) + Charles (1625-49) tried to make BR more absolutist with

• divine right of kings

• more extractive in form of extensive monopolies

• monopolies gave ppl and companies sole right to produce items stopped efficient use of talent needed for strong econ institutions created uneven playing field

Charles I (ruled 1625-1649) becomes king and fights Parliament for years

• fights over money

• parliament only could raise taxes (Magna Carta)

• 1629: Bro locks parliament out = 11 years of tyranny (trying to reduce pluralism)

Clash with scots

1639: charles orders scots to pray the same as ENG

scots invaded and take parts of north eng

Charles reinstated parliament for money (3 weeks only) =Short parliament

The Long Parliament

• 1640- still needs money to pay off scots= reinstates parliament

  • hes desperate and Parliament knows so they use it to force concessions before paying ogg the scots

    • ends 11 year tyranny

1641 Ireland rebels

• keeps charles in need of money from Parliament

Final Straw

1642- Charles tries to arrest 5 MPs

• they escape before he arrives

The king is not allowed in the house of commons

• serious attack on ppls government and makes war inevitable

War

Charles flees

the country splits

Royalists/cavliers vs Parliamentarians/Roundheads (neither were anti monarchy)

Royalists/Cavliers

• Supports trad monarchy

• Anglican ant tolerant of catholics

• mostly nobles and commoners (because the king was their king ykwim)

• Had the army but was weak bc of nepotism

Parliamentarians/Roundheads

• Supported monarchy but not divine right of kings

• mostly puritain (Anglicanism needed reform)

• wealthy + middle class and commoners (for the moneyyy)

• Had no army so had to choose the best Commds

English Civil War

1 year of fighting major battles

Oliver Cromwell (Cavalry Commd for Parliamentarians) Distinguished himself

Charles is defeated and tries to refuge w Scottish army but they turn him in to Parliament

The Second war

Parliament didnt want to overthrow the king

• only wanted to restrict his power (no absolutism)

1647: Charles negotiates w scots to invade Eng and return power to him

• Royalists and Scots defeated by Cromwell

Rump Parliament

1648- parliament tries to negotiate power w charles

• Thomas Pride and army arrests 45 MPs and leaves 75 in parliament

• Charles is put on trial and sentenced to death, killed on Jan 30th 1649

Cromwell becomes a Dictator

What did charles’ death cause?

• a power vaccumm in the most important institute the Monarchy

• Created a vicious cycle causing the vaccum to be filled/continued not abolished/fixed

Third War

Parliamentarians (the only political institution left) forced to put down wars

1648 Ireland- Cromwell suppresses Irish Catholics/Royalists

1650 Scotland: Charles II king, invades Eng in the North

1651 Scots defeated by Cromwell, Charles fled to france

The Interrgnum (Between the regin) pt 1

1649-53 Parliament cannot govern commonwealth effectively and disestablishes Anglican Religion

1653: Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of Eng and given Executive power

1655: Cromwell dismisses Parliament and becomes dictator

The Interrgnum (Between the regin) pt 2

The protectorate

• Hard to govern the many political factions/groups which arose from civil war

• many ideas on replacing anglicanism

• radicals were upset that aristocracy was not abolished

• High taxes due to large standing army

Cromwell dies 1658 of natural causes

The Restoration

Richard is now dictator

• not respected by army/parliament

• Removed from power by army

Power vaccum 2 should create civil war

General George Monck (Eng Governer of scotland) marches london and recalls parliament and breaks the vicious cycle

1660 first vote

• parliament votes charles II to throne and becomes king of Scotland and England

Eng Civil war ended in 2 ways

• Was an experiment in government extractive monolithic absolute monarchy vs inclusive pluralistic parliamentary system

  • trad methods of rule vs individual rights and freedoms

  • Europe wached noting Charles I execution

  • Outpouring political philosophy focus on strong monarchy to avoid civil war (Hobbes and absolutism) focusing on rights and nature of liberty

Absolutism

system where ruler is above all challenges from within the state

• Kings ruled personally and claimed supreme right to make laws and raise taxes affecting daily lives

Divine right of kings

Monarchs justified their power thru divine right

• belief that monarchs got authority from God bc they were chosen by God and only answered God

• Became outdates in renaissance and reformation but monarchs still used it

Thomas Hobbes social contract

• Without stong gov, humans lived in a state of nature a terrifying war of every man against every man where live was solitary poor and short

• Social contract

  • ppl gave up individual power to ruler in exchange for security (absolute ruler to him was embodiment of the state)

Louis XIV

The Sun King ruled for 72 years and declared that he was the state

Palace of Versailles symbolizing total control

• forcing nobles to live there to keep an eye on them and stop rebellion

Life under crown

• Kings lived in luxury, life for others changes significantly

  • Nobels: accepted kings authority in exchange for keeping their land and their power over lower classes

  • Peasants: they felt the heavy weight of absolutism thru high taxes and being forced into the kings massive armies 

Military: armies grew from 20000 in 1600 to an average of 150 000 by 1690 making it harder for anyone to challenge the king