Kimmy's Nutrition final exam flash cards

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Exocrine function: secreting digestive enzymes into the duodenum.

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Endocrine function: secreting hormones into the blood circulation (glucagon and insulin).

How does the liver work as an accessory organ?

creating bile that is stored in the gall bladder.

Amylase function and secretion

breaks down starch

secreted by salivary glands and pancreas

gastric Lipase

begins fat digestion,

secreted by stomach

Trypsin

-secreted by pancrease into the duodenum

-breaks down proteins into peptides

Chymotrypsin

-secreted by pancreas into the duodenum

-breaks down proteins into peptides

Carboxypeptidase

Breaks down peptides into individual amino acids; removes amino acids from carboxyl end

-Secreted by pancreas into duodenum

What enzymes are secreted by the small intestine?

Lactase - breaks down lactose

Sucrase - breaks down sucrose

Maltase - breaks down maltose

Peptidases - breaks down peptide proteins

Lysozyme location and function

secreted by salivary glands and kills bacteria

General properties of minerals

1. exist in ionic form

2. 2. always have counterion so total charge is 0

3. provide no energy

4. not building blocks of body like calcium

5. most are co-factors, some osmotic role

6. they are essential

7. do not spoil

calcium has 2 roles

1. build skeleton and bones

2. be co-factor in many things like muscle contraction

co-factor is

a co-factor is a mineral that binds to an enzyme to help it function

Sodium’s (Na+) role is to be the

main extra cellular osmotic ion.

where sodium goes water flows.

It helps regulate fluid balance and blood pressure.

potassium’s role is to be

the main intracellular osmotic ion.

most common negative ions are?

• chloride Cl^-

• phosphate (PO₄)^3-

• sulfate (SO₄)^2-

• nitrate (NO₃)^-

How does the body get charged ions from neutral minerals?

Minerals dissolve in body fluids (water), which automatically separates them into charged ions (Na⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, etc.)

trace minerals listed

Iron (Fe)

Zinc (Zn)

Copper (Cu)

Iodine (I)

CHROMIUM (Cr)

Manganese (Mn) Selenium (Se) Fluoride (F)

MOLYBDENUM (Mo)

Cobalt is found in cobalamin B12

IRON (Fe) Roles, Deficiency, At risk

• Roles: oxygen transport (hemoglobin), myoglobin, enzymes

• Deficiency: iron-deficiency anemia — fatigue, pale, weakness, cold

• At risk: women (menstruation), vegetarians, infants, blood donors

(major mineral) Magnesium (Mg2+) Roles, Deficiency, At risk

Roles

• Enzyme cofactor in many biological processes

• Counteracts calcium's muscle-contracting action → helps muscles relax

• Bone structure

• Nerve function

• ATP use

• Deficiency Symptoms

  • Muscle cramps and spasms

  • Muscle weakness

  • Irregular heartbeat

  Populations at Risk

  • People with muscle cramps (magnesium may help)

  • Generally found in many foods, so deficiency is uncommon

ZINC (Zn²⁺) — Trace Mineral

Roles

• Cofactor for many enzymes

• Immune function

• Wound healing

• DNA synthesis

• Growth and development

Deficiency Symptoms

• Impaired immune function

• Hair loss

• Loss of taste and smell

• Growth retardation in children

• Skin problems

Populations at Risk

• Generally found in numerous foods, so dietary deficiency is uncommon

• People with poor diets or malabsorption

Which mineral has an osmotic role in the extracellular space?

Sodium

What does the Na⁺/K⁺ exchange pump do in the cell?

pumps 3Na⁺s out, 2K⁺s in.

Sodium is ________ .

A major mineral

Which of the following statements regarding fluoride is true?

Fluoride helps make bones stronger.

Fish and most teas contain appreciable amounts of natural fluoride.

When fluoride is lacking, dental decay is common.

Drinking water is usually the best source of fluoride.

All of these statements are true.

all of these statements are true

Approximately how much iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet compared to an omnivorous diet?

One-half as much

Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of

iodine.

Functions of trace minerals include all of the following except _______ .

providing energy

acting as cofactors

maintenance of red blood cells

providing energy

is the oxygen-carrying protein of the red blood cells and accounts for 80% of the body's iron.

Hemoglobin

men or women contain more water?

men

how long can a human go with out water?

about 3-4 days before they live for another 3 days passed out so about 1 week all together

What is the main extracellular osmotic ion?

sodium

How does the sodium-potassium exchange pump work?

spits out 3 sodium (Na2+) ions and pumps in 2 potassium (K+) ions

What is the main intracellular osmotic ion?

potassium

In hypotonic solution what happens to the cell?

it swells and maybe bursts.

in a hypertonic solution what happens to a cell?

it shrinks and all the water leaves it.

what happens to sense of thirst in seniors?

Thirst sensation diminishes (decreases) with age.

Where is water distributed in the body?

Here is a rough breakdown for an average person:

• blood: 5 liters 

• extracellular fluid: 19 liters (lymphatic fluid + interstitial fluid) 

• intracellular fluid: 20 liters

Which one is the main intracellular osmotic ion?

Na⁺

Ca²⁺

K⁺

Mg²⁺

Cl^-

K+ potassium

What is true of a hypertonic solution?

There is more salt in the solution than inside the cell

How much water does the female body contain, approximately

50%-55%

80%-85%

70%-75%

60%-65%

50%-55%

Water cannot pass through the cell membrane.

Group of answer choices

True

False

False

In the body, water that resides between cells is known as _________

interstitial fluid.

Why can't you drink sea water? (well, you actually can...except you'll die)

It is hypertonic

Glycolysis: general properties

1. happens in the cytoplasm

2. 2anaerobic

3. net gain 2 ATP (not much)

4. powers explosive motions

5. not sustainable

Glycolysis starts out with ______and ends with ________

starts out with 1 glucose and ends with 2 pyruvate

The transfer phase general properties:

1. Pyruvate is brought past mitochondrial wall

2. Pyruvate changes to Acetyl-CoA during the transfer

3. Anaerobic

4. produces 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

The Krebs Cycle

• It happens inside the mitochondria

• AEROBIC process

• rather slow (unlike glycolysis)

• It produces a lot of ATP via ETC

• It powers slow but sustainable physical efforts (ex: walking, jogging)

• It starts with acetyl-CoA and ends with CO₂

• makes NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain

Beta oxidation properties

• it happens inside mitochondria

• it is AEROBIC from start to finish (hence you must do aerobic exercises to burn fat)

• it leads into the Krebs cycle

• produces tons of ATP

Catabolism of Amino Acids

• amino group is cut off

• the nitrogen is turned into urea by liver and then sent to kidney

• the former nitrogen amino group is excreted in urine

• remaining carbon will go to glycolysis or krebs

big picture of catabolic map

all roads lead to krebs cycle

What is the meaning of the word glycolysis?

sugar break down

What time of the day do we have our glycogen reserves at the lowest level?

In the morning before breakfast.

Which statement defines a coenzyme?

 

An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme

Beta Oxidation is aerobic or anaerobic?

aerobic

How many essential vs non-essential amino acids are there?

9 essential amino acids and 11 non-essential amino acids.

formula for glucose

C₆H₁₂O_{6 6 carbons and 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygens.}

general formula for Carbohydrates is?

CH₂O

Examples:

• Glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆ = (CH₂O)₆

• Ribose: C₅H₁₀O₅ = (CH₂O)₅

3 types of mono saccharides

Glucose - blood sugar, 6 carbon ring

Fructose - fruit sugar, 5 carbon ring Galactose - milk sugar, 6 carbon ring

Sucrose is made of

1 glucose and 1 fructose (table sugar, disaccharide)

maltose is made of

glucose + glucose, malt sugar (disaccharide)

Lactose is made of

glucose + galactose, milk sugar (disaccharide)

glycogen properties

• animal/human storage.

• Branched like amylopectin.

• Glycogen storage: Liver (~100g, maintains blood glucose) and Muscles (~500g, supplies energy during contraction)

• Reserves last 8–12 hours.

• Lowest in the morning if no overnight eating.

• polysaccharide

what are the two types of starches

• Amylose = linear starch chain

• Amylopectin = branched starch chain

Amylose

starch

linear chain

russet potatoes, long grain rice, bananas

Amylopectin

branched

(red potatoes, short-grain sticky rice).

Foods: potatoes, bananas, beans, grains, pasta, bread.

Fiber properties

0 calories

indigestible

functions:

1 stimulates peristalsis, lowers waste passage time

2 binds bile and thus removes cholesterol

3 retains water in diarrhea

foods: oats, broccoli and cauliflower

Insulin is secreted by

Pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels.

Glucagon is secreted by

pancreatic alpha cells to increase blood glucose levels, typically when levels are low. releases glucose from glycogen reserves

Type 1 diabetes

• Autoimmune disease — immune system attacks/kills pancreatic beta cells. No insulin produced.

• No insulin present

• treated by artificial insulin injected

• develops in childhood

Type 2 Diabetes

Lifestyle disease — insulin resistance. Cells are "deaf" to insulin's message. Higher insulin levels needed.

preventable and maybe reversible

metabolic fat trap is that

Once excess glucose is stored as fat it can never become glucose again.

Brain’s preferred fuel

glucose

Which metabolic pathway is fast and which is slow?

Fast is Glycolysis

Slow is Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, beta oxidation

What is the normal range (mg/dL) for blood glucose?

Group of answer choices

100-120

70-100

60-70

40-60

140-180

120 -140

70-100

What is maltose made of?

two glucose units

table sugar is a monosaccharide True or False

False, it is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Which one is inside of phospholipid bilayers?

Phosphates

Fatty acids

fatty acids

What is the function of HDLs?

They transport lipids from the body to the liver.

In your blood lipid profile report, which line will show the "bad cholesterol"?

LDL

What are fatty acids made of?

Group of answer choices

carbon and water

carbons rings with many hydroxyl groups

carboxyl group and a long carbon chain

amino group and a carboxyl group

carboxyl group and a long carbon chain

all 9 water soluble vitamins are essential or no?

yes they are all essential

Who is not recommended to take folate supplements?

cancer patients

Which of the following is a property of niacin?

Group of answer choices

It is susceptible to destruction in foods exposed to light

It can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan

It is soluble in both water and lipids depending upon its chemical form

It participates primarily in reactions involving amino acids

It can increase LDL and decrease HDL in large doses.

It can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan

Which vitamin can improve your cholesterol (lipoprotein) profile?

Group of answer choices

Niacin

Tocopherol

Cobalamin

Ascorbate

Folate

niacin - lowers LDL, increases HDL

Milk and milk products provide much of the ____ in people’s diets.

Group of answer choices

Thiamin

Vitamin A

Riboflavin

Vitamin C

Vitamin B12

Riboflavin

Seniors and gastric bypass patients are prone to suffer from which vitamin deficiency?

Group of answer choices

vitamin B3

vitamin C

vitamin B12

vitamin K

vitamin A

vitamin b12

A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth?

Group of answer choices

Ascorbic acid

Niacin

Riboflavin

Biotin

B₆

Riboflavin

Which mineral is useful against muscle cramps?

magnesium

is the extracellular space positive negative or neutrally charged

positive

is the cytoplasm positive negative or neutrally charged

negative

What condition can be caused by excess of iron?

Oxidative damage