Nutrition final (jeopardish/cow stuff)

Enteral Nutrition

- Use of the GIT to provide nutrition

- "If the gut works use it"

- Prevents atrophy and bacterial overgrowth

- More physiological, safer, cheaper

Types of enteral nutrition tubes

- Nasogastric tubes

- Orogastric tubes

- Esophagostomy tubes

- Pharyngostomy tubes

- Enterostomy tubes

- Gastrostomy tubes

Nasogastric tube

- Nose-esophagus-stomach

- short term (3-5 days)

- +/- anesthesia/sedation required

- Use french feeding tubes and suture/staple to face e-collar on

- When to use: oral dz., tongue damage, Esophageal damage

- Advantages: can drink/swallow around it, minimal equipment, uses existing organic passages/structures to reach stomach

Orogastric tube

- Mouth (gag)- esophagus-stomach

- Larger feeding tubes

- Short term use

- Advantages: quick placement, large quantities of blenderized food, minimal equipment, use existing structures/passages

- Disadvantages: restraint/patient stress not well tolerated awake, repeatedly done (can not leave in an awake patient), reflux due to holding cardiac sphincter open

Esophagostomy tube

- Incision into middle 1/3 of neck-esophagus-stomach

- French tubes

- Long term use

- Advantages: stays in place, larger so can use slurred diets, well tolerated (no interference with swallowing)

- Disadvantages: not a good location, can be irritating, sedation required, reflux due to holding cardiac sphincter open

Pharyngostomy tube

- Pharyngeal region-esophagus-stomach

- Long term

- Required surgical intervention

- Disadvantages:

* may damage pharynx with placement/irritation

* may be difficult to determine when appetite has returned since animal may have difficulty swollowing

* gastric reflux and saliva aspiration

* Not well tolerated and needs extremely close monitoring- aspiration, swallowing, breathing, gagging, pawing

Enterostomy tube

- Duodenostomy or jejunostomy tube

- Directly into intestines (bypassing stomach)

- Surgical placement with midline incision

- Elemental diet with pre-digested food, well blenderized

- Use if any oral, esophageal, or stomach problems

Gastrostomy tube

- Straight into stomach

- Peg tube (large bore tubing of easier feeding)

- Placed surgically or percutaneous with endoscopic gastrotomy tube

- Long or short-term use

- Use of any oral or esophageal problems

- Advantages: large bore feeding tube, used to weeks/months, easy placement 10-15 minutes

- Disadvantages: dislodging, bacterial peritonitis (poor seal), requires anesthesia

How should a feeding tube be maintained?

Flush the tube before and after feeding

What is necessary for an enteral feeding tube diet

- Easily digestible diets

- Complete and calorically dense diets

- Palatability is not an issue (the animal is not tasting the food

- food selection varies on size of feeding tube

- 2 Types of diets: Blenderized-strained or Commercial human diets

Cautions when using an enteral tube

* Mechanical

- proper tube placement

- always send down sterile water first

- proper tube maintenance: always flush tube first!!

- Do not feed to fast or to slow

- Watch for regurgitation/aspiration

* Gastrointestinal

- to rapid infusion or too osmotically dense: may result in V/D/distention/cramping

- intolerance to diet

* Metabolic

- Rapid infusion may result in hyperglycemic state and associated problems

The 5 Rs

1. Right Drug/Diet

2. Right Dose/Amount

3. Right Time

4. Right Route

5. Right Patient

Gastric Residuals

The volume of fluid in the stomach 4-8 hours after a feeding

What type of tube feeding would you not be concerned about gastric residuals?

- Orogastric- mouth to stomach

- Enterostomy- intestines, bypasses the stomach

Enteral feeding: how to

- Use a cap or 3 way stop-cock to prevent air from entering between uses

- Smaller, frequent meals better

- Slow infusion instead of rapid

- Thinner consistency instead of think

- Too many calories better than not enough

- Flush too much better than too little

- Feeding via normal route ASAP

- Check for resistance and monitor for GI intolerance

What is the difference between enteral and parenteral feeding?

- Enteral uses the GI tract

- Parenteral does not use/bypassing GI tract (only IV)

Recommended feeding amounts for equine maintenance and breeding

0.5 to 1.0 lb of grain and forage per every 100 lbs of BW (body weight)

Animal is an obligate carnivores

- Cats: they meet their blood sugar requirements by breaking down protein, rather than carbohydrates in their diet

- Ferrets

What animals can induced ovulation?

- Rabbits

- Cats

- Ferrets

What animals can not vomit?

- Guinea pigs/cavy

- Rabbits

- Hamsters

- Gerbils

- Rats

- Mice

- Chinchillas

What animals are coporphagic?

- Rabbits

- Guinea pigs/cavy

- Hamsters

- Rats

- Mice

- Chinchilla

When should you cut the umbilical cord of a foal?

15 minutes after the foal is born

- 30% of foals blood supply is in the cord

- tear/rip cord 3-4 inches from the naval, dip it in iodine

Lagomorphs are...

rabbits

What vitamin deficiency are guinea pigs susceptible to?

Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)

Signs of stress in rats

prophyrin tears: red/brown tears on their face and back of head, grinding teeth

What small mammal is very prone to heat stroke?

Chinchilla

Diurnal animals

active during the day

Crepuscular animals

Animals that are most active at dawn and dusk

Nocturnal animals

animals that are active at night

White muscle dz. in lambs is caused by a deficiency in what vitamin?

Vitamin E

True or False: Vets often use perenteral over enteral nutrition first in most cases because the are guarantied to avoid caloric deficits.

False

Ear notching, tattoos, ear tags, microchipping, cage cards, ID collars, signalment, pictures, coat/skin color and distinctive markings. In small and large animal medicine the list above help the medical professionals to do what?

Identify the patient

The need for preformed Vitamin A, Taurine, and Arachidonic Acid is the reason cats are what?

Obligate carnivores

Salt is needed by horses because it is lost in...

sweat

True or False: Supplement guinae pigs with vitamin E avoids scurvy.

False, vitamin C avoids scurvy

Frothy bloat is caused by bovines eating too much what?

legumes

Night blindness is caused by a deficiency in what vitamin?

vitamin A

leaching by rain causes hay to what?

Looses it's nutrients

These are examples of what kind of insulin resurgences?

U-100

DCM is thought to be caused by what kind of canine diet?

Grain free

DCM

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

What nutritional supplement bustes healthy GI bacteria that digested food by changing the acidity of the GI tact and releasing short chain fatty acids?

probiotics

A common affliction of cows characterized by the inflammation of mammary tissue that can be detrimental to dairy farms is...

mastitis

salt and mineral blocks labeled for bovine and equine use should never be offered to sheep due to their excess ______ content.

Copper

In the first 2-4 hours of a calves life, how much colostrum should they have?

3 quarts

8-10 hours after first feeding, how much colostrum should the calf get?

2-3 quarts

What is the most abundant antibody in colostrum?

IgG

what does whey replacer have in it?

probiotics

Why is it important to give better nutrition to calves in the first 60 days of life?

The cow will be healthier throughout life and produce better/more milk

When does most of the skeletal and mammary development of a cow happen?

In the first 2 months of life

Rumen of a calf is fully finctional at what age?

6 weeks

When can fermented foods (silage) be introduced to cows?

When the rumen is fully developed

TMR

Total Mixed Ration

Does a heifer have increased or decreased protein requirements as compared to a milking cow?

Increased

What is corn and corn silage high in?

starch = increase energy & fiber

What moisture content should plants be at when they are cut for baling?

60% to 65%

What is a common cover crop left over winter?

Rye (high in protein)

Are "skinny" dairy cows healthy?

Yes

How many pounds of milk do jersey cows produce per day?

50 lb. per day

How many pounds of milk do Holstein cows produce per day?

80-85 lb. per day

Do Jerseys or Holsteins have a higher fat content?

Jerseys (good butter)