BIO 107L EXAM 1 (SD mesa)

NOTE: ** = from lectures or quizzes; * = from labs. Bolded terms are either: something that the professor said was important to know, is on the study outline, or was taken from the 1st quiz . There is no guarantee that all of this material will be on the exam. Terms that are not bolded are either from the textbook or information I believe to be relevant. Choose "answer with definition" for best results.

Biology

Science that studies life

Biology can be studied on any organizational level (list the levels from smallest to largest/most complex)**

Atom and molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

Living things…**

-Have a different molecular structure than

nonliving things

– Require energy and raw materials

– Are composed of cells

– Maintain homeostasis

– Respond to their external environment

– Grow and reproduce

– Can have populations capable of evolving

Fundamental Criteria of the Five-Kingdom Classification System:**

• Presence or absence of a nucleus

• Number of cells

• Type of metabolism

The 5-Kingdom Classification System**

Monera, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Kingdom Monera**

Unicellular, Prokaryotic (ex. bacteria)

Kingdom Animalia**

multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic (eat other organisms)

Kingdom Plantae**

multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic (make own energy)

Kingdom Fungi**

Eukaryotic, decomposers (ex. molds, yeasts, mushrooms)

Kingdom Protista**

unicellular and simple multicellular, eukaryotic (ex. protozoa, algae, slime molds)

The three-domain classification system…**

• Addresses two fundamentally different types of

prokaryotes

• Encompasses kingdoms

Kingdom Monera is the only one of the 5 Kingdoms that….

is Prokaryotic

3-Domain Classification**

Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, Domain Eukarya

Domain Archaea…

consists of organisms that can survive in extreme environments

Domain Eukarya includes…**

Kingdom: Animalia

Kingdom: Plantae

Kingdom: Fungi

Kingdom: Protista

Science Is Both….**

a body of knowledge (about the natural world) and a process (to acquire knowledge; the Scientific Method)

Science**

the study of the natural world

Fill in the blanks: All living organisms must have at least one ____ and this is the basic unit of life. Living organisms autonomously ____ using DNA. Maintain a separate and fairly consistent internal _____.**

cell, reproduce, environment

Steps in the scientific method:**

1. Observe and generalize

2. Formulate a hypothesis

3. Make a testable prediction

4. Experiment or observe

5. Modify the hypothesis as necessary and repeat

6. Share with the scientific community

One can make generalizations based on observations about the world with ____**

inductive reasoning (specific —> general)

Hypothesis**

a statement or explanation for a group of observations (a tentative statement about the natural world).

Testable Predictions**

specific, “if/then” statements based off of a hypothesis, that employ deductive reasoning

Experiment**

A carefully planned and executed manipulation of the natural world.

In Controlled Experiments…**

All but one variable are accounted for

T/F: Hypotheses cannot be proved true, only supported or disproved.**

True

Scientific Theory**

a comprehensive explanation supported by an abundance of evidence.

Examples of Scientific Theories**

Cell Theory, Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (Natural Selection)

Element**

a pure substance that has distinct physical and chemical properties, and that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods.

Atom**

the smallest unit of an element that retains the element’s distinctive properties.

Organic Molecules

Molecules that include at least one carbon atom

Chemical Reaction**

The process of breaking existing chemical bonds and creating new ones.

Carbon, the building block of living things**

• Comprises 18% of the body by weight

• Forms four covalent bonds

• Can form single or double bonds

• Can build micro- or macromolecules

Dehydration synthesis**

– Removes equivalent of a water molecule to link molecular units

– Requires energy

– Builds macromolecules from smaller subunits

Hydrolysis**

– Adds the equivalent of a water molecule to break apart macromolecules

– Releases energy

Dehydration synthesis is the _____ of hydrolysis**

reverse

Function of Carbohydrates**

Energy and Structural Support

General Formula of Carbohydrates**

C₂(H₂0)_n

Monosaccharides**

simple sugars (“one sugar”)

Examples of Monosaccharides:**

– Glucose

– Fructose

– Galactose

– Ribose

– Deoxyribose

Oligosaccharides**

More than One Monosaccharide Linked Together via dehydration synthesis.

Examples of Disaccharides (two monosaccharides linked together)**

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

Disaccharides are two monosaccharide sugars bonded together such as two glucose molecules, what disaccharide is this an example of?**

Maltose

Sucrose (table sugar)**

Glucose + Fructose

Maltose(found in beer)**

Glucose + Glucose

Lactose(found in milk)**

Glucose + Galactose

T/F: The dehydration synthesis process removes water to form bonds between molecules that then bond the molecules together and requires energy.**

True

Examples of Polysaccharides (thousands of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches)**

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Starch**

made in plants; stores energy

Glycogen**

made in animals; stores energy

Cellulose**

indigestible polysaccharide made in plants for structural support (dietary fiber in humans).

Glycogen is formed by ______ _______ from _______ subunits**

dehydration synthesis; glucose

Lipids are….**

insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

Three important classes of lipids**

– Triglycerides: energy storage molecules

– Phospholipids: cell membrane structure

– Steroids: carbon-based ring structures

Triglycerides**

Also known as fats and oils

• Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

• Stored in adipose tissue

• Energy storage molecules

Fatty Acids**

Saturated (in fats) and Unsaturated (in oils)

T/F: A triglyceride is made of a glycerol molecule along with a phosphate and two fatty acid chains**

False

Triglycerides with _____ fatty acids have ____ tails, allowing them to pack closely together.**

saturated; straight

Triglycerides with ______ fatty acids have _____ tails, preventing them from packing closely together.**

unsaturated; kinked

Structure of Phospholipids**

• Glycerol + two fatty acids and phosphate group

• The heads are water soluble (hydrophilic)

• The tails are water insoluble (hydrophobic)

Function of Phospholipids**

Primary component of cell/plasma membranes

Steroids**

• Structure: Composed of four carbon rings

• Examples:

  • Cholesterol

  • Hormones (estrogen/testosterone)

Estrogen and Testosterone are…**

synthesized from cholesterol

Proteins**

• Large macromolecules, made up of long chains (polymers) of subunits called amino acids

  • Amino acids (20 different types; 8 of which not manufactured solely by the human body)

    • (each amino acid has:) Amino end, carboxyl end, R group

• Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds, which are produced by dehydration synthesis reactions

Amino acids with negatively charged R groups:**

Aspartic Acid (Asp), Glutamic Acid (Glu)

Amino acids with positively charged R groups:**

Arginine (Arg), Histidine (His), Lysine (Lys)

Protein function depends on…**

structure (which is three dimensional)

Primary Structure of a protein**

• amino acid sequence (linear)

• stabilized by peptide bonds

Secondary Structure of a Protein**

• Alpha Helix/Beta pleated sheets (common forms)\

• stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary Structure of a Protein**

• Three-dimensional shape

• Stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen bonds

• Creates polar and nonpolar areas in molecule

Quaternary structure of a protein**

• Two or more polypeptide chains are associated

• so large it cannot pass through the cell membrane

• (every protein must have 1/2/3 structures- quaternary not in every protein)

Denaturation**

• Permanent disruption of protein structure (can be damaged by temperature or changes in pH)

• Change of shape leads to loss of biological function

Enzymes**

• Are proteins

• Function as biological catalysts

  • Speed up chemical reactions

  • Are not altered or consumed by the reaction

• Without enzymes, many biochemical reactions would not proceed quickly enough to sustain life

The functional shape of an enzyme is dependent on…**

• Temperature

• pH

• Ion concentration

• Presence of inhibitors

Types of Nucleic Acids:**

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Functions of Nucleic acid**

• Store genetic information

• Provide information used in making proteins

Nucleotides**

building blocks of nucleic acids

Each nucleotide contains….**

• 5 carbon sugar

  • for DNA nucleotides: deoxyribose

  • for RNA nucleotides: ribose

• Nitrogenous base

• Phosphate group

DNA is in the shape of a ______**

double-helix

The nitrogenous bases of DNA’s nucleotides are:**

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

DNA nitrogenous base pairings:**

Adenine - Thymine

Cytosine - Guanine

RNA is not a double-helix, but rather is ____**

single-stranded

The nitrogenous bases of RNA’s nucleotides are:**

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

Nucleic Acid order of function:**

DNA —> RNA —> Proteins

Structure and function of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)**

• It is a nucleotide

• universal energy source

• Bonds between phosphate groups contain

  potential energy

• Breaking the bonds releases energy

  • ATP = ADP + P + energy

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Chemistry

the scientific study of matter

The 4 Major Biological Macromolecules:

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What is life?**

• Living things are composed of one or more cells.

• Reproduce autonomously using DNA

• Obtain energy from the environment for cellular work

• Sense and Respond to the environment

• Maintain a separate and fairly consistent internal environment

• Evolve, adapt, and change in response to the environment

Energy**

the capacity to do work

Potential Energy**

stored energy

Kinetic Energy**

energy in motion, doing work

potential energy can be transformed into ____ ____**

kinetic energy

Electrons have __ energy.**

potential

Each shell of an atom corresponds to a specific level of _____ energy. Shells that are ____ from the nucleus contain electrons with more potential energy. **

potential; farther

Atoms are most stable when their ________ shell is fulll, and will interact with other atoms to fill the shell**

outer

Chemical bonds**

attractive forces holding atoms together

Types of Chemical Bonds:**

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen